BACKGROUND Teenagers are aggressively targeted by food marketing messages (primarily for unhealthy foods) and susceptible to this messaging due to developmental vulnerabilities and peer-group influence. Yet limited research exists on the exposure and power of food marketing specifically to teenage populations. Research studies often collapse "teenagers" under the umbrella of children or do not recognize the uniqueness of teen-targeted appeals. Child- and teen-targeted marketing strategies are not the same, and this study aims to advance understanding of teen-targeted food marketing by identifying the teen-specific promotion platforms, techniques and indicators detailed in existing literature. METHODS A systematic scoping review collected all available literature on food marketing/advertising with the term "teenager" or "adolescent" from nine databases, as well as Google Scholar for grey literature, and a hand search of relevant institutional websites. Included were all peer-reviewed journal articles, book chapters, and grey literature in which food marketing to youth was the central topic of the article, of any study type (i.e., original research, reviews, commentaries and reports), and including any part of the 12-17 age range. RESULTS The 122 articles reviewed define the scope of existing literature on food marketing to young people age 17 and under, identifying leading trends in countries studied (United States, 52%), populations identified (children and teens studied concurrently, 36%), outcomes measured (advertising exposure, 54%), study type (cross-sectional, 58%) and methods used (content analysis, 46%). The promotion platforms and techniques used by food marketers to appeal to young people (as reported in the literature) are also identified and classified. Few studies (7%) use indicators to identify teen-targeted food marketing. CONCLUSIONS Unique treatments of teen populations are limited in food marketing literature, as is the application of clear indicators to identify and differentiate teen-targeted food marketing from child- or adult-targeted content. Given the need to better measure the presence and power of teen food marketing, this is a significant oversight in existing literature. The indicators identified will help researchers to develop more accurate strategies for researching and monitoring teen-targeted food promotion.

中文翻译：

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确定青少年的食品行销：范围界定审查。

背景技术青少年（青少年）被食品营销信息（主要是针对不健康食品）积极地作为目标，并且由于发育脆弱性和同龄群体的影响而容易受到该信息的影响。然而，关于食品营销对青少年的影响和力量的研究还很有限。研究通常会使“青少年”在儿童的庇护下崩溃，或者没有意识到针对青少年的吸引力的独特性。以儿童和青少年为目标的营销策略是不同的，本研究旨在通过确定现有文献中详述的针对青少年的促销平台，技术和指标来增进对青少年针对的食品营销的了解。方法进行系统的范围审查，收集了所有有关食品营销/广告的可用文献，均使用“青少年”或“ 还确定并分类了食品营销人员用来吸引年轻人的促销平台和技术（如文献所报道）。很少有研究（7％）使用指标来确定针对青少年的食品营销。结论在食品营销文献中，青少年人群的独特治疗方法受到限制，明确指标的应用也将识别和区分以青少年为目标的食品营销与以儿童或成人为目标的内容并加以区分。鉴于需要更好地衡量青少年食品营销的存在和力量，这是现有文献中的一项重大监督。确定的指标将帮助研究人员制定更准确的策略，以研究和监测针对青少年的食品推广。很少有研究（7％）使用指标来确定针对青少年的食品营销。结论在食品营销文献中，青少年人群的独特治疗方法受到限制，明确指标的应用也将识别和区分以青少年为目标的食品营销与以儿童或成人为目标的内容相区分。鉴于需要更好地衡量青少年食品营销的存在和力量，这是对现有文献的重大监督。确定的指标将帮助研究人员制定更准确的策略，以研究和监测针对青少年的食品推广。很少有研究（7％）使用指标来确定针对青少年的食品营销。结论在食品营销文献中，青少年人群的独特治疗方法受到限制，明确指标的应用也将识别和区分以青少年为目标的食品营销与以儿童或成人为目标的内容并加以区分。鉴于需要更好地衡量青少年食品营销的存在和力量，这是对现有文献的重大监督。确定的指标将帮助研究人员制定更准确的策略，以研究和监测针对青少年的食品推广。以及使用清晰的指标来识别和区分针对青少年的食品营销与针对儿童或成人的内容。鉴于需要更好地衡量青少年食品营销的存在和力量，这是现有文献中的一项重大监督。确定的指标将帮助研究人员制定更准确的策略，以研究和监测针对青少年的食品推广。以及使用清晰的指标来识别和区分针对青少年的食品营销与针对儿童或成人的内容。鉴于需要更好地衡量青少年食品营销的存在和力量，这是对现有文献的重大监督。确定的指标将帮助研究人员制定更准确的策略，以研究和监测针对青少年的食品推广。