Renewable energy and biomass are becoming increasingly important energy sources to help mitigate climate change and meet national renewable energy targets. This will lead to a substantial growth in solid biomass consumption for heat and electricity, but questions about its sustainability have been raised. Danish energy companies have addressed these issues with sustainability criteria in a voluntary industry agreement since 2016. The aim of this study was to synthesise and evaluate biomass sourcing in the Danish energy sector and its compliance with voluntary sustainability criteria. We collected energy companies’ public industry agreement sustainability reports and compiled the included information into a dataset that allowed us to compare and analyse the Danish energy sector’s biomass sourcing, compliance and implementation of sustainability criteria in 2016 and 2017. Furthermore, we analysed the supply chains and feedstock use of Danish energy companies. In Denmark, medium to large energy companies documented that 57% and 70% of their biomass sourcing was in compliance with the sustainability criteria in 2016 and 2017, respectively. To show compliance with the sustainability criteria, sustainable forest management certification was most common in 2016 while risk-based certification prevailed in 2017. Most biomass is sourced and reported sustainability compliance by a few large companies. Wood pellets are sustainability reported and sourced in significantly larger volumes than wood chips. Danish energy companies source solid biomass from local to global scales, but especially from countries around the Baltic Sea. The Danish approach to sustainable sourcing with voluntary sustainability criteria has been successfully implemented for most of the wood sourced for energy by medium to large energy companies in Denmark. The implementation of this approach shows that it has been possible within a couple of years to implement sustainability governance with risk-based criteria for multiple energy companies that source solid wood biomass at the megaton scale. A risk-based approach to implementation of sustainability criteria for forest biomass has also been chosen by the European Union (EU) and will be implemented through the EU Renewable Energy Directive from 2021.

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自愿进行固体生物质可持续性验证的案例研究（来自丹麦的案例研究）

可再生能源和生物量正在变得越来越重要，可以帮助缓解气候变化和实现国家可再生能源目标。这将导致固体生物质用于热和电的消耗大量增加，但是人们对其可持续性提出了疑问。自2016年以来，丹麦能源公司已通过一项自愿性行业协议以可持续性标准解决了这些问题。本研究的目的是综合和评估丹麦能源领域的生物质采购及其是否符合自愿性可持续性标准。我们收集了能源公司的公共行业协议可持续性报告，并将所包含的信息汇总到一个数据集中，使我们能够比较和分析丹麦能源行业的生物质采购，在2016年和2017年遵守和执行可持续性标准。此外，我们分析了丹麦能源公司的供应链和原料使用情况。在丹麦，大中型能源公司的文件显示，2016年和2017年分别有57％和70％的生物质资源符合可持续性标准。为了表明符合可持续性标准，可持续森林管理认证在2016年最为常见，而基于风险的认证则在2017年流行。大多数生物质都是由一些大公司采购并报告的可持续性合规性。据报道，木屑颗粒具有可持续性，其来源的数量远大于木屑。丹麦能源公司从本地到全球范围，尤其是波罗的海周边国家，采购固体生物质。丹麦采用自愿性可持续性标准进行可持续性采购的方法已成功地应用于丹麦中型到大型能源公司采购的大部分能源木材。这种方法的实施表明，有可能在几年之内对多家以百万吨级规模生产实木生物质的能源公司，以基于风险的标准来实施可持续发展治理。欧盟（EU）还选择了一种基于风险的方法来实施森林生物量可持续性标准，并将于2021年通过《欧盟可再生能源指令》实施。这种方法的实施表明，有可能在几年之内对多家以百万吨级规模生产实木生物质的能源公司，以基于风险的标准来实施可持续发展治理。欧盟（EU）还选择了一种基于风险的方法来实施森林生物量可持续性标准，并将于2021年通过《欧盟可再生能源指令》实施。这种方法的实施表明，有可能在几年之内针对多家以百万吨级规模生产实木生物质的能源公司，以基于风险的标准来实施可持续发展治理。欧盟（EU）还选择了一种基于风险的方法来实施森林生物量可持续性标准，并将于2021年通过《欧盟可再生能源指令》实施。