Studies throughout Europe have shown that asylum-seeking children and adolescents (ASC) are at risk of developing mental disorders. The most common mental-health problems in ASC include posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), internalizing symptoms such as depression and anxiety, and externalizing behaviour. Being an unaccompanied refugee minor (URM) was found to be highly predictive for higher levels of psychological distress within ASC. Nevertheless, and even though Germany is Europe’s biggest host country for ASC, studies that reliably examine the mental health of both URM and accompanied refugee minors (ARM) in Germany with psychometrically tested measures are still lacking. A cross-sectional survey in 19 facilities for minor refugees in Bavaria, Germany, screening for PTSS, depression, anxiety, externalizing behaviour, and post-migration factors was conducted. Participants were 98 ASC (URM, n = 68; ARM, n = 30) primarily from Afghanistan, Syria, and Eritrea. In 35.7% of interviews, interpreters were involved. Both URM and ARM reported high levels of psychological distress and large numbers of potentially traumatic events, with 64.7% of URM and 36.7% of ARM scoring above the clinical cut-off for PTSS, 42.6% of URM and 30% of ARM for depression, and 38.2% of URM and 23.3% of ARM for anxiety. The total number of traumatic experiences was found to be the most robust predictor for PTSS, depression, and anxiety. Lower levels of individual resources, lower levels of social support in the host country, and poorer German language proficiency were associated with higher levels of psychological distress within both groups. URM reported significantly more traumatic events than ARM. ASC in Germany are severely distressed and burdened by the experiences of various types of potentially traumatic events. The levels of distress found in the current study correspond with rates that have been reported in previous studies with ASC throughout Europe. Limitations of the present study include the convenience sample and the cross-sectional nature of findings.

中文翻译：

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在德国重新定居的陪伴和无人陪伴未成年难民的心理健康和相关压力因素：一项横断面研究

整个欧洲的研究表明，寻求庇护的儿童和青少年 (ASC) 有患上精神障碍的风险。ASC 中最常见的心理健康问题包括创伤后应激症状 (PTSS)、抑郁和焦虑等内化症状以及外化行为。发现作为无人陪伴的未成年难民 (URM) 可以高度预测 ASC 内更高水平的心理困扰。尽管如此，尽管德国是欧洲最大的 ASC 东道国，但仍缺乏通过心理测试措施可靠地检查德国 URM 和陪同难民未成年人 (ARM) 心理健康的研究。在德国巴伐利亚州的 19 个未成年难民设施中进行的横断面调查，筛查 PTSS、抑郁症、焦虑症、外化行为、并进行了迁移后因素。参与者是主要来自阿富汗、叙利亚和厄立特里亚的 98 名 ASC（URM，n = 68；ARM，n = 30）。在 35.7% 的采访中，口译员参与其中。URM 和 ARM 均报告了高水平的心理困扰和大量潜在的创伤事件，其中 64.7% 的 URM 和 36.7% 的 ARM 得分高于 PTSS 的临床临界值，42.6% 的 URM 和 30% 的 ARM 得分高于抑郁症的临床临界值， 38.2% 的 URM 和 23.3% 的 ARM 用于焦虑。创伤经历的总数被发现是 PTSS、抑郁和焦虑的最有力的预测因子。较低水平的个人资源、较低水平的东道国社会支持以及较差的德语水平与两组中较高水平的心理困扰有关。URM 报告的创伤事件明显多于 ARM。德国的 ASC 对各种类型的潜在创伤事件的经历感到非常痛苦和负担。当前研究中发现的痛苦程度与之前在整个欧洲的 ASC 研究中报告的比率一致。本研究的局限性包括便利样本和研究结果的横截面性质。