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Longitudinal studies in forensic child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health: CAPMH thematic series 2018/2019
Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health ( IF 5.6 ) Pub Date : 2019-04-11 , DOI: 10.1186/s13034-019-0280-5
Klaus Schmeck 1 , Jörg M Fegert 2 , Cyril Boonmann 1
Affiliation  

The 2018/2019 Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health (CAPMH) thematic series on forensic child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health is focused on longitudinal research. Although the importance of such studies is widely recognised, they are still rare in adolescent forensic psychiatry and psychology.

Longitudinal studies like Emmy Werner’s Kauai Study [1], Michael Rutter’s Isle-of-White-Study [2], David Farrington’s Cambridge Study [3], the Great Smoky Mountains Study [4] or, above all, the Dunedin Study [5], have had and still have a substantial influence on our understanding of child psychiatric disorders and their development over time. Though mental disorders and psychopathology in general are the core of these studies, all of them have also yielded significant contributions to the understanding of the aetiology and course of delinquent behaviour. One prominent example is the distinction between life-course persistent versus adolescence-limited antisocial behaviour, a developmental taxonomy that Moffitt has proposed on the basis of findings from the Dunedin Study [6]. This important distinction has been confirmed in many studies [7], and has stimulated further research on antisocial trajectories [8].

When forensic experts write reports for the court, they try to disentangle the complex context that may have led to a person’s crime. This search for an understanding of the individual causes of a criminal act is done retrospectively, which might inform us about potential causes of the offending behaviour. However, what seems plausible in a retrospective view is often not sufficient to predict future behaviour. We, therefore, need prospective, longitudinally designed studies that broaden our knowledge about the causes of criminal behaviour, its course and its prognosis. Thus, preventing the onset of delinquency, or, if criminal behaviour already occurred, to prevent recidivism, should be in the focus of our scientific work in adolescent forensic psychiatry.

The 2018 thematic series comprises four papers:

In the first paper, Souverein et al. [9] report the results of a panel discussion at the 2018 European Association for Forensic Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychology and other involved Professions (EFCAP) congress in Venice, regarding the current situation of services for delinquent youths in various European countries as well as future directions for the improvement of these services. The panel integrated the view from five European countries (Finland, Great-Britain, Italy, Netherlands and Switzerland) and formulated cross-national mission statements for adolescent forensic health care.

In the second paper Ed Hilterman et al. [10] present a longitudinal study on 5205 male juvenile offenders from the Catalan juvenile justice system. These youths received multiple SAVRY risk/need assessments over time. With the use of growth mixture modeling and multinomial logistic regression analyses four heterogeneous trajectories of offending were identified.

The next paper of Van der Pol et al. [11] describes the long-term outcome of a randomised controlled trial. In total, 109 adolescents with cannabis use disorder and comorbid problem behavior were treated with Multidimensional Family Therapy (MDFT) or Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT). Both treatments were found to be effective in reducing delinquent behavior. No differences were found between MDFT and CBT in the efficacy to reduce the frequency or severity of offending over a 6 years’ time period.

Finally, Collins and Grisso [12] describe the use of two short screening instruments (Massachusetts Youth Screening Instrument—Second Version [MAYSI-2] and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaires [SDQ]) in a sample of 1259 detained boys and its ability to predict violent offending. Their results showed that the relation between MAYSI-2 and SDQ scale scores and future violent offending varied between different ethnic groups. They even found opposite relations for boys from different ethnic backgrounds. The disillusioned conclusion of the authors is that screening for psychiatric problems in boys cannot be recommended to identify those adolescents who are at risk for committing future violent crimes and that ethnic differences in the relation between psychiatric problems and future criminality have to be taken into account.

Again, like last year, the majority of authors of the 2018 thematic series is from the Netherlands. While we warmly welcome the engagement of our young Dutch colleagues we would like to stimulate researchers from other European and non-European countries to engage in research on adolescent forensic issues and to submit papers for the next edition of this thematic series.

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Author notes

  1. Klaus Schmeck, Jörg M. Fegert and Cyril Boonmann contributed equally to this work

Affiliations

  1. Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrische Forschungsabteilung, Universitäre Psychiatrische Kliniken Basel, Universität Basel, Schanzenstr. 13, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
    • Klaus Schmeck
    •  & Cyril Boonmann
  2. Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie/Psychotherapie, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Steinhövelstraße 5, 89075, Ulm, Germany
    • Jörg M. Fegert
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Correspondence to Klaus Schmeck.

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Schmeck, K., Fegert, J.M. & Boonmann, C. Longitudinal studies in forensic child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health: CAPMH thematic series 2018/2019. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 13, 20 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-019-0280-5

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中文翻译：
法医儿童和青少年精神病学和心理健康的纵向研究：CAPMH 主题系列 2018/2019

2018/2019 年儿童和青少年精神病学和心理健康 (CAPMH) 关于法医儿童和青少年精神病学和心理健康的主题系列侧重于纵向研究。尽管此类研究的重要性已得到广泛认可，但在青少年法医精神病学和心理学中仍然很少见。

纵向研究，如 Emmy Werner 的考艾岛研究 [1]、Michael Rutter 的白岛研究 [2]、David Farrington 的剑桥研究 [3]、大烟山研究 [4] 或最重要的是达尼丁研究 [5] ]，已经并且仍然对我们对儿童精神疾病及其发展的理解产生重大影响。虽然精神障碍和精神病理学一般是这些研究的核心，但所有这些研究也对理解犯罪行为的病因和过程做出了重大贡献。一个突出的例子是生命历程中持续的反社会行为与青春期有限的反社会行为之间的区别，这是莫菲特根据但尼丁研究的结果提出的一种发展分类法[6]。这一重要的区别已在许多研究中得到证实[7]，并刺激了对反社会轨迹的进一步研究[8]。

当法医专家为法庭撰写报告时，他们试图理清可能导致某人犯罪的复杂背景。这种对犯罪行为个别原因的了解是回顾性进行的，这可能会让我们了解犯罪行为的潜在原因。然而，回顾过去看似合理的事情往往不足以预测未来的行为。因此，我们需要前瞻性、纵向设计的研究，以拓宽我们对犯罪行为原因、犯罪过程和预后的认识。因此，预防犯罪的发生，或者如果犯罪行为已经发生，则预防累犯，应该成为我们青少年法医精神病学科学工作的重点。

2018 年主题系列包括四篇论文：

在第一篇论文中，Souverein 等人。[9] 报告了 2018 年在威尼斯举行的欧洲法医儿童和青少年精神病学、心理学和其他相关专业协会 (EFCAP) 大会上的小组讨论结果，内容涉及欧洲各国犯罪青少年服务的现状以及未来改进这些服务的方向。该小组综合了五个欧洲国家（芬兰、英国、意大利、荷兰和瑞士）的观点，并制定了青少年法医保健的跨国使命声明。

在第二篇论文中，Ed Hilterman 等人。[10] 对加泰罗尼亚少年司法系统的 5205 名男性少年犯进行了纵向研究。随着时间的推移，这些年轻人接受了多次 SAVRY 风险/需求评估。通过使用增长混合模型和多项逻辑回归分析，确定了四种异质的犯罪轨迹。

Van der Pol 等人的下一篇论文。[11]描述了随机对照试验的长期结果。总共 109 名患有大麻使用障碍和共病问题行为的青少年接受了多维家庭疗法 (MDFT) 或认知行为疗法 (CBT) 治疗。研究发现，这两种治疗方法都可以有效减少违法行为。在 6 年时间内，MDFT 和 CBT 在降低犯罪频率或严重程度方面没有发现差异。

最后，Collins 和 Grisso [12] 描述了两种简短筛查工具（马萨诸塞州青年筛查工具 - 第二版 [MAYSI-2] 和优势与困难问卷 [SDQ]）在 1259 名被拘留男孩样本中的使用及其预测能力暴力犯罪。他们的结果表明，MAYSI-2 和 SDQ 量表分数与未来暴力犯罪之间的关系在不同种族之间存在差异。他们甚至发现不同种族背景的男孩之间存在相反的关系。作者的幻想破灭的结论是，不建议对男孩进行精神问题筛查，以识别那些有可能未来实施暴力犯罪的青少年，并且必须考虑精神问题与未来犯罪之间关系的种族差异。

与去年一样，2018 年主题系列的大多数作者都来自荷兰。在我们热烈欢迎年轻的荷兰同事参与的同时，我们希望激励其他欧洲和非欧洲国家的研究人员参与青少年法医问题的研究，并为本专题系列的下一版提交论文。

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    Odgers CL、Moffitt TE、Broadbent JM、Dickson N、Hancox RJ、Harrington H、Poulton R、Sears MR、Thomson WM、Caspi A。女性和男性反社会轨迹：从童年起源到成年结果。德夫精神病患者。2008；20(2)：673–716。

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  9. 9.

    Souverein F, Dekkers T, Bulanovaite E, Doreleijers T, Hales H, Kaltiala-Heino R, Oddo A, Popma A, Raschle N, Schmeck K, Zanoli M, van der Pol T. 欧洲法医青少年护理概述：迈向一体化少年犯干预和预防战略任务。儿童青少年精神病学心理健康。2018；13(1):6。

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    • 谷歌学术
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    Hilterman ELB、Bongers IL、Nicholls TL、van Nieuwenhuizen C。男性少年犯的监管轨迹：SAVRY 风险评估的增长混合模型。儿童青少年精神病学心理健康。2018；12:15。https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-018-0222-7。

    • 文章
    • 谷歌学术
  11. 11.

    van der Pol TM、Hendriks V、Rigter H、Cohn MD、Doreleijers TAH、van Domburgh L、Vermeiren RJM。患有大麻使用障碍的青少年的多维家庭治疗：随机对照试验中对犯罪的长期影响。儿童青少年精神病学心理健康。2018；2:44。https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-018-0248-x。

    • 文章
    • 谷歌学术
  12. 12.

    Colins OF，Grisso T。被拘留男性青少年的心理健康问题与未来暴力之间的关系。儿童青少年精神病学心理健康。2018；3：4。

    • 谷歌学术

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作者笔记

  1. Klaus Schmeck、Jörg M. Fegert 和 Cyril Boonmann 对这项工作做出了同等贡献

隶属关系

  1. Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrische Forschungsabteilung、Universitäre Psychiatrische Kliniken Basel、Universität Basel、Schanzenstr。13, 4056, 巴塞尔, 瑞士
    • 克劳斯·施梅克
    •  & 西里尔·布曼
  2. Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie/Psychotherapy, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Steinhövelstraße 5, 89075, Ulm, 德国
    • 约尔格·M·费格特
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Schmeck, K.、Fegert, JM 和 Boonmann, C. 法医儿童和青少年精神病学和心理健康的纵向研究：CAPMH 主题系列 2018/2019。儿童青少年精神病学心理健康 13, 20 (2019)。https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-019-0280-5

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