BackgroundThe aim of the present study was to evaluate the stability of brain arousal in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) outpatients with and without depressive symptomatology, and its association with depressive symptom severity and absolute electroencephalogram (EEG) power in different frequency bands.MethodsWe included 31 outpatient adults (45.16% females), who were diagnosed according to DSM-IV and received no medication. Their arousal stability score (index of the steepness of arousal decline during a 15-min EEG under resting conditions), the absolute EEG power and self-reports, including depressive and ADHD-related symptoms, were analyzed. Participants were split into an unstable and stable arousal group based on the median (= 6) of the arousal stability score.ResultsADHD patients in the stable group reported more severe depressive symptoms (p = 0.018) and showed reduced absolute EEG power in the delta (0.002 ≤ p ≤ 0.025) and theta (0.011 ≤ p ≤ 0.034) bands compared to those in the unstable group. There was no correlation between the arousal stability score and self-report-scales concerning ADHD-related symptoms (0.214 ≤ p ≤ 0.989), but a positive association with self-reported depressive severity (p = 0.018) and negative association with powers in the EEG delta and theta bands (0.001 ≤ p ≤ 0.033).ConclusionsIn view of high comorbidity of depression and ADHD in adult patients, these findings support the assumption that brain arousal regulation could be considered as a helpful marker for the clinical differentiation between ADHD and depression.

中文翻译：

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成人注意力缺陷多动障碍 (ADHD) 的大脑唤醒调节和抑郁症状

背景本研究的目的是评估有和没有抑郁症状的成人注意力缺陷/多动障碍（ADHD）门诊患者大脑唤醒的稳定性，及其与抑郁症状严重程度和不同频段的绝对脑电图（EEG）功率的关系。 .方法我们纳入了 31 名门诊成人（45.16% 女性），根据 DSM-IV 诊断且未接受药物治疗。分析了他们的觉醒稳定性评分（静息条件下 15 分钟 EEG 期间觉醒下降的陡峭程度指数）、绝对 EEG 功率和自我报告，包括抑郁和 ADHD 相关症状。根据唤醒稳定性得分的中位数（= 6）将参与者分为不稳定和稳定唤醒组。结果与不稳定组的患者相比，稳定组的 ADHD 患者报告了更严重的抑郁症状（p = 0.018），并且在 delta（0.002 ≤ p ≤ 0.025）和 theta（0.011 ≤ p ≤ 0.034）波段中显示出绝对脑电功率降低。唤醒稳定性评分和关于 ADHD 相关症状的自我报告量表之间没有相关性（0.214 ≤ p ≤ 0.989），但与自我报告的抑郁严重程度（p = 0.018）呈正相关，而与权力的负相关EEG delta 和 theta 波段（0.001 ≤ p ≤ 0.033）。 结论鉴于成年患者抑郁症和 ADHD 的高合并症，这些发现支持这样的假设，即大脑唤醒调节可被视为区分 ADHD 和抑郁症的有用标志物. 018) 并显示与不稳定组相比，delta (0.002 ≤ p ≤ 0.025) 和 theta (0.011 ≤ p ≤ 0.034) 波段的绝对 EEG 功率降低。唤醒稳定性评分与 ADHD 相关症状的自我报告量表之间没有相关性 (0.214 ≤ p ≤ 0.989)，但与自我报告的抑郁严重程度 (p = 0.018) 呈正相关，而与权力的负相关EEG delta 和 theta 波段（0.001 ≤ p ≤ 0.033）。 结论鉴于成年患者抑郁症和 ADHD 的高合并症，这些发现支持这样的假设，即大脑唤醒调节可被视为区分 ADHD 和抑郁症的有用标志物. 018) 并显示与不稳定组相比，delta (0.002 ≤ p ≤ 0.025) 和 theta (0.011 ≤ p ≤ 0.034) 波段的绝对 EEG 功率降低。唤醒稳定性评分与 ADHD 相关症状的自我报告量表之间没有相关性 (0.214 ≤ p ≤ 0.989)，但与自我报告的抑郁严重程度 (p = 0.018) 呈正相关，而与权力的负相关EEG delta 和 theta 波段（0.001 ≤ p ≤ 0.033）。 结论鉴于成年患者抑郁症和 ADHD 的高合并症，这些发现支持这样的假设，即大脑唤醒调节可被视为区分 ADHD 和抑郁症的有用标志物.