Our picture of behavioral management of risk by prey remains fragmentary. This partly stems from a lack of studies jointly analyzing different behavioral responses developed by prey, such as habitat use and fine-scale behavior, although they are expected to complement each other. We took advantage of a simple system on the Kerguelen archipelago, made of a prey species, European rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus, a predator, feral cat Felis catus, and a mosaic of closed and open foraging patches, allowing reliable assessment of spatio-temporal change in predation risk. We investigated the way such a change triggered individual prey decisions on where, when and how to perform routine activities. Rabbit presence and behavior were recorded both day and night in patches with similar foraging characteristics, but contrasted in terms of openness. Cats, individually recognizable, were more active at night and in closed patches, in line with their expected higher hunting success in those conditions. Accordingly, rabbits avoided using closed patches at night and increased their vigilance if they did. Both day and night, rabbits increased their use of closed patches as compared to open patches in windy conditions, thereby probably reducing the thermoregulatory costs expected under such harsh environmental conditions. Overall, our data map the landscape of fear in this study system and indicate that prey habitat use and vigilance complement each other. Solely focusing on one or the other tactic may lead to erroneous conclusions regarding the way predation risk triggers prey decisions. Finally, future studies should investigate inter-individual variability in the relative use of these different types of complementary behavioral responses to perceived risk, along with the determinants and outcomes of such tactics.

中文翻译：

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通过互补的行为反应应对跨时空的捕食风险变化

我们通过猎物对风险进行行为管理的情况仍然是零碎的。部分原因是缺乏研究来共同分析猎物产生的不同行为反应，例如栖息地的使用和精细行为，尽管它们有望相互补充。我们利用了Kerguelen群岛上的一个简单系统，该系统由猎物，欧洲兔圆孔兔，捕食者，野生猫Felis catus以及封闭和开放的觅食斑块组成，从而可靠地评估了时空变化。捕食风险。我们调查了这种变化触发个体猎物决定在何时何地进行例行活动的方式。白天和黑夜在具有相似觅食特征的斑块中记录了兔子的存在和行为，但在开放性方面却有所不同。猫，可以识别的个体，在夜间和密闭区域更活跃，这与他们在这种情况下预期的更高狩猎成功率相符。因此，兔子避免在夜间使用封闭的斑块，如果这样做的话，可以提高警惕。与大风条件下的开放补丁相比，兔子在白天和黑夜都增加了对封闭补丁的使用，从而可能降低了在如此恶劣的环境条件下预期的体温调节成本。总体而言，我们的数据映射了此研究系统中的恐惧状况，并表明猎物栖息地的使用和警惕性是相辅相成的。只专注于一种或另一种策略可能会导致关于掠夺风险触发猎物决策的方式的错误结论。最后，