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Protura are unique: first evidence of specialized feeding on ectomycorrhizal fungi in soil invertebrates
BMC Ecology ( IF 3.368 ) Pub Date : 2019-02-22 , DOI: 10.1186/s12898-019-0227-y
Sarah L Bluhm 1 , Anton M Potapov 1, 2 , Julia Shrubovych 3, 4, 5 , Silke Ammerschubert 6 , Andrea Polle 6 , Stefan Scheu 1, 7
Affiliation  

Ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECM) play a central role in nutrient cycling in boreal and temperate forests, but their role in the soil food web remains little understood. One of the groups assumed to live as specialised mycorrhizal feeders are Protura, but experimental and field evidence is lacking. We used a combination of three methods to test if Protura are specialized mycorrhizal feeders and compared their trophic niche with other soil invertebrates. Using pulse labelling of young beech and ash seedlings we analysed the incorporation of 13C and 15N into Acerentomon gallicum. In addition, individuals of Protura from temperate forests were collected for the analysis of neutral lipid fatty acids and natural variations in stable isotope ratios. Pulse labelling showed rapid incorporation of root-derived 13C, but no incorporation of root-derived 15N into A. gallicum. The transfer of 13C from lateral roots to ectomycorrhizal root tips was high, while it was low for 15N. Neutral lipid fatty acid (NLFA) analysis showed high amounts of bacterial marker (16:1ω7) and plant marker (16:0 and 18:1ω9) fatty acids but not of the fungal membrane lipid 18:2ω6,9 in A. gallicum. Natural variations in stable isotope ratios in Protura from a number of temperate forests were distinct from those of the great majority of other soil invertebrates, but remarkably similar to those of sporocarps of ECM fungi. Using three in situ methods, stable isotope labelling, neutral lipid fatty acid analysis and natural variations of stable isotope ratios, we showed that Protura predominantly feed on mycorrhizal hyphae via sucking up hyphal cytoplasm. Predominant feeding on ectomycorrhizal mycelia by Protura is an exception; the limited consumption of ECM by other soil invertebrates may contribute to carbon sequestration in temperate and boreal forests.

中文翻译:

Protura是独一无二的:专门以土壤无脊椎动物中的外生菌根真菌为食的第一个证据

外生菌根真菌(ECM)在北方和温带森林的养分循环中发挥着核心作用,但它们在土壤食物网中的作用仍然知之甚少。Protura是被认为以专门菌根为食的群体之一,但缺乏实验和现场证据。我们结合使用了三种方法来测试 Protura 是否是专门的菌根饲养者,并将其营养生态位与其他土壤无脊椎动物进行比较。通过对山毛榉幼苗和白蜡树幼苗进行脉冲标记,我们分析了 13C 和 15N 掺入 Acerentomon gallicum 中的情况。此外,还收集了来自温带森林的 Protura 个体,用于分析中性脂质脂肪酸和稳定同位素比率的自然变化。脉冲标记显示根源性 13C 快速掺入鸡曲霉中,但根源性 15N 没有掺入。13C从侧根向外生菌根根尖的转移较高,而15N则较低。中性脂质脂肪酸 (NLFA) 分析显示,鸡曲霉中存在大量细菌标记物 (16:1ω7) 和植物标记物(16:0 和 18:1ω9)脂肪酸,但没有真菌膜脂质 18:2ω6,9。来自许多温带森林的 Protura 稳定同位素比率的自然变化与大多数其他土壤无脊椎动物的稳定同位素比率的自然变化不同,但与 ECM 真菌子实体的变化非常相似。使用稳定同位素标记、中性脂质脂肪酸分析和稳定同位素比率的自然变化三种原位方法,我们表明 Protura 主要通过吸取菌丝细胞质以菌根菌丝为食。Protura 主要以外生菌根菌丝体为食是一个例外。其他土壤无脊椎动物对 ECM 的有限消耗可能有助于温带和北方森林的碳固存。
更新日期:2019-02-22
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