As climate change becomes increasingly evident, reducing greenhouse gases including CO2 has received growing attention. Because CO2 is thermodynamically very stable, its conversion into value-added chemicals such as CO, CH4, or C2H4 is difficult, and developing efficient catalysts for CO2 conversion is important work. CO2 can be converted using the gas-phase reaction, liquid-phase reaction, photocatalytic reaction, or electrochemical reaction. The gas-phase reaction includes the dry reforming of methane using CO2 and CH4, or CO2 hydrogenation using CO2 and H2. The liquid-phase reaction includes formic acid formation from pressurized CO2 and H2 in aqueous solution. The photocatalytic reaction is commonly known as artificial photo-synthesis, and produces chemicals from CO2 and H2O under light irradiation. The electrochemical reaction can produce chemicals from CO2 and H2O using electricity. In this review, the heterogeneous catalysts used for the gas-phase reaction or electrochemical reactions are discussed, because the liquid-phase reaction and photocatalytic reaction typically suffer from low productivity and poor durability. Because the gas-phase reaction requires a high reaction temperature of > 600 °C, obtaining good durability is important. The strategies for designing catalysts with good activity and durability will be introduced. Various materials have been tested for electrochemical conversion, and it has been shown that specific metals can produce specific products, such as Au or Ag for CO, Sn or Bi for formate, Cu for C2H4. Other unconventional catalysts for electrochemical CO2 reduction are also introduced.

中文翻译：

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用于催化CO ₂转化为增值化学品的非均相催化剂

随着气候变化变得越来越明显，减少包括CO 2在内的温室气体受到越来越多的关注。由于CO2在热力学上非常稳定，因此很难将其转化为增值化学品，例如CO，CH4或C2H4，开发有效的CO2转化催化剂是重要的工作。可以使用气相反应，液相反应，光催化反应或电化学反应来转化CO2。气相反应包括使用CO2和CH4进行甲烷干重整，或使用CO2和H2进行CO2加氢。液相反应包括在水溶液中由加压的CO2和H2形成甲酸。光催化反应通常称为人工光合作用，并在光照射下由CO2和H2O产生化学物质。电化学反应可以使用电从CO2和H2O产生化学物质。在这篇综述中，讨论了用于气相反应或电化学反应的非均相催化剂，因为液相反应和光催化反应通常具有生产率低和耐久性差的缺点。由于气相反应需要> 600°C的高反应温度，因此获得良好的耐久性很重要。将介绍设计具有良好活性和耐久性的催化剂的策略。已经测试了各种材料的电化学转化，并且已经表明，特定的金属可以产生特定的产物，例如Au或Ag代表CO，Sn或Bi代表甲酸，Cu代表C2H4。还介绍了其他用于电化学还原CO2的非常规催化剂。