OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of artificial aging on the Martens parameters of different 3D printed and milled polyaryletherketon (PAEK) materials. METHODS In total 120 specimens of 4 different polyetheretherketon (PEEK) materials (Essentium PEEK, KetaSpire PEEK MS-NT1, VICTREX PEEK 450G and VESTAKEEP i4 G) were additively manufactured via fused layer manufacturing (FLM) in either horizontal or vertical directions (n=15 per group). 75 specimens were milled out of prefabricated PAEK blanks from the materials breCAM.BioHPP, Dentokeep, JUVORA Dental Disc 2 and Ultaire AKP (=15 per group). Martens hardness (HM), indentation hardness (HIT) and indentation modulus (EIT) were determined initially and longitudinally after thermocycling (5-55°C, 10,000x) and autoclaving (134°C, 2bar). In each case, the surface topography of the specimens was examined for modifications using a light microscope. Data were analysed with Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, univariate ANOVA followed by post-hoc Scheffé test with partial eta squared (ηp2), Kruskal-Wallis-, Mann-Whitney-U-, Friedman- and Wilcoxon-Test. A value of p<0.05 was considered as significant. RESULTS Milled specimens showed higher Martens parameters than printed ones (p<0.001). Artificial aging had a negative effect on the measured parameters (p<0.001). Horizontally printed specimens presented higher Martens parameters than vertically printed ones, regardless of material and aging process (p<0.001). Essentium PEEK and breCAM.BioHPP showed the highest and VICTREX PEEK 450G as well as Ultaire AKP the lowest values of all investigated PAEK materials initially, after thermocycling and after autoclaving (p<0.001). Microscopic examinations showed that artificial aging did not cause any major modifications of the materials. SIGNIFICANCE Additively manufactured PEEK materials showed lower Martens parameters than milled ones, whereas horizontally printed specimens presented higher values than vertically printed ones. Artificial aging had a negative effect on the Martens parameters, but not on the surface topography.

中文翻译：

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各种3D打印和铣削的PAEK材料的比较：打印方向和人工时效对Martens参数的影响。

目的本研究的目的是研究人工时效对不同3D打印和研磨的聚芳基醚酮（PAEK）材料的Martens参数的影响。方法总共通过水平或垂直方向上的熔合层制造（FLM）分别添加了120种4种不同聚醚醚酮（PEEK）材料（Essentium PEEK，KetaSpire PEEK MS-NT1，VICTREX PEEK 450G和VESTAKEEP i4 G）的样品。每组15个）。从breCAM.BioHPP，Dentokeep，JUVORA Dental Disc 2和Ultaire AKP材质的预制PAEK毛坯中铣出75个样本（每组= 15）。在热循环（5-55°C，10,000x）和高压灭菌（134°C，2bar）之后，首先和纵向确定马氏硬度（HM），压痕硬度（HIT）和压痕模量（EIT）。在每种情况下，使用光学显微镜检查样品的表面形貌是否有变化。使用Kolmogorov-Smirnov检验，单变量ANOVA进行数据分析，然后进行事后Scheffé检验，采用偏η平方（ηp2），Kruskal-Wallis-，Mann-Whitney-U-，Friedman-和Wilcoxon-Test。p ＜0.05的值被认为是显着的。结果研磨后的样品显示出比印刷样品更高的Martens参数（p <0.001）。人工老化对测量的参数有负面影响（p <0.001）。不论材料和时效过程如何，水平打印的样品呈现出比垂直打印的更高的Martens参数（p <0.001）。最初，在所有研究的PAEK材料中，Essentium PEEK和breCAM.BioHPP表现出最高值，而VICTREX PEEK 450G和Ultaire AKP表现出最低值，热循环后和高压灭菌后（p <0.001）。显微镜检查表明，人工时效不会引起材料的任何重大改变。重要性增材制造的PEEK材料的Martens参数低于研磨的材料，而水平印刷的样品的价值高于垂直印刷的材料。人工时效对Martens参数有负面影响，但对表面形貌没有负面影响。