Endel Tulving conducted pioneering work on the explicit and implicit memory systems and demonstrated that priming effects can be long-lasting. It is also well-established that emotion can amplify explicit and implicit memory. Prior work has utilized repetition suppression (RS) of the fMRI-BOLD signal-a reduction in the magnitude of activity over repeated presentations of stimuli-to index implicit memory. Using an explicit recognition memory paradigm, we examined emotional modulation of long-term implicit memory effects as revealed by repetition suppression (i.e., comparing second-exposure forgotten items to first-exposure correct rejections). Forty-seven participants incidentally encoded line-drawings of negative, positive, and neutral scenes followed by the full color image. Twenty-four hours later, participants underwent fMRI during a recognition memory test in which old and new line-drawings were presented. Implicit and explicit memory effects were defined by the contrasts of New-Correct Rejections > Old-Misses and Old-Hits > New-Correct Rejections, respectively. Wide-spread Negative RS was found in frontal and occipito-temporal cortex that was greater than Neutral RS in the right orbito-frontal cortex and inferior frontal gyri. Valence-specific Negative RS, compared to Positive RS, was observed in the left inferior occipital gyrus. There was no strong evidence for emotional modulation of amygdala RS, but functional connectivity analyses revealed valence-specificity: Negative and positive valence were associated with repetition suppression and repetition enhancement of amygdala-occipital connectivity, respectively. Negative implicit memory patterns in most frontal regions-but not occipital areas-overlapped with explicit memory effects. Thus, implicit memory effects for a single visual stimulus presentation are modulated by emotional valence, can be observed 24hours after initial exposure, and show some overlap with explicit memory.

中文翻译：

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被遗忘但没有消失：在最初的研究发作后24小时，FMRI证据表明存在内隐记忆负刺激。

Endel Tulving在显式和隐式存储系统上进行了开创性工作，并证明了启动作用可以持久。众所周知，情感可以扩大外显和内隐的记忆。先前的工作已经利用了fMRI-BOLD信号的重复抑制（RS）-与重复显示刺激相比，活动量的减少-索引隐式记忆。使用显式识别记忆范式，我们研究了重复抑制所揭示的长期内隐记忆效应的情绪调节（即，比较第二次暴露被遗忘的物品与第一次暴露正确的拒绝）。47位参与者偶然对负，正和中性场景的线条图进行了编码，然后是全彩色图像。二十四小时后 参与者在识别记忆测试中进行了功能磁共振成像，其中显示了新的和旧的线条画。内隐记忆记忆和外显记忆记忆分别由“新正确拒绝”>“旧遗漏”和“旧命中”>“新正确拒绝”的对比来定义。在额叶和枕颞皮中发现了广泛的阴性RS，其在右侧眶额叶皮层和额下回中大于中性RS。与阳性RS相比，在左侧枕下回中观察到价特异性阴性RS。没有强有力的证据可以对杏仁核RS进行情绪调节，但是功能连接分析显示了价特异性：负价和正价分别与杏仁核-枕骨连接的重复抑制和重复增强相关。在大多数额叶区域（而不是枕骨区域）中，负的隐式记忆模式与显式的记忆效应重叠。因此，单个视觉刺激表现的内隐记忆效应受到情绪价的调节，可以在初次暴露后24小时观察到，并表现出与外显记忆的某些重叠。