Developmental processes are driven by a combination of cytoplasmic, cortical, and surface-associated forces. However, teasing apart the contributions of these forces and how a viscoelastic cell responds has long been a key question in developmental biology. Recent advances in applying biophysical approaches to these questions is leading to a fundamentally new understanding of morphogenesis. In this review, we discuss how computational analysis of experimental findings and in silico modeling of Drosophila gastrulation processes has led to a deeper comprehension of the physical principles at work in the early embryo. We also summarize many of the emerging methodologies that permit biophysical analysis as well as those that provide direct and indirect measurements of force directions and magnitudes. Finally, we examine the multiple frameworks that have been used to model tissue and cellular behaviors.

中文翻译：

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粘弹性航行-果蝇气化过程中细胞嵌入的生物物理观点。

发育过程是由细胞质，皮层和表面相关的力量共同驱动的。然而，长期以来，弄清这些力的作用以及粘弹性细胞如何反应一直是发育生物学中的关键问题。在将生物物理方法应用于这些问题方面的最新进展正在导致对形态发生的全新认识。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了对实验结果的计算分析和果蝇胃气化过程的计算机模拟如何导致对早期胚胎工作中的物理原理的更深刻理解。我们还总结了许多新兴的方法，这些方法可以进行生物物理分析，以及提供直接和间接测量力方向和大小的方法。最后，