Arsenic, a metalloid and naturally occurring element, is one of the most abundant elements in the earth's crust. Water is contaminated by arsenic through natural sources (underground water, minerals and geothermal processes) and anthropogenic sources such as mining, industrial processes, and the production and use of pesticides. Humans are exposed to arsenic mainly by drinking contaminated water, and secondarily through inhalation and skin contact. Arsenic exposure is associated with the development of vascular disease, including stroke, ischemic heart disease and peripheral vascular disease. Also, arsenic increases the risk of tumors of bladder, lungs, kidneys and liver, according to the International Agency for Research on Cancer and the Food and Drug Administration. Once ingested, an estimated 70-90% of inorganic arsenic is absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract and widely distributed through the blood to different organs, primarily to the liver, kidneys, lungs and bladder and secondarily to muscle and nerve tissue. Arsenic accumulates in the organs, especially in the liver. Its excretion mostly takes place through urination. The toxicokinetics of arsenic depends on the duration of exposure, pathway of ingestion, physicochemical characteristics of the compound, and affected biological species. The present review outlines of arsenic toxic effects focusing on different cancer types whit highest prevalence's by exposure to this metalloid and signaling pathways of carcinogenesis.

中文翻译：

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砷暴露：导致多种癌症的公共健康问题。

砷是准金属和天然元素，是地壳中含量最丰富的元素之一。砷通过自然来源（地下水，矿物质和地热过程）和人为来源（例如采矿，工业过程以及杀虫剂的生产和使用）被砷污染。人体主要通过喝受污染的水接触砷，其次是通过吸入和皮肤接触。砷暴露与血管疾病的发展有关，包括中风，缺血性心脏病和周围血管疾病。另外，根据国际癌症研究机构和食品药物管理局的说法，砷增加了膀胱，肺，肾和肝脏肿瘤的风险。摄取后 估计有70-90％的无机砷被胃肠道吸收，并通过血液广泛分布到不同的器官，主要分布在肝，肾，肺和膀胱，其次分布在肌肉和神经组织。砷蓄积在器官中，尤其是肝脏中。它的排泄主要通过排尿进行。砷的毒物动力学取决于暴露的持续时间，摄入途径，化合物的理化特性以及受影响的生物种类。本综述概述了砷的毒性作用，其重点是通过暴露于该类金属和致癌信号通路来研究患病率最高的不同类型的癌症。肺和膀胱，其次是肌肉和神经组织。砷蓄积在器官中，尤其是肝脏中。它的排泄主要通过排尿进行。砷的毒物动力学取决于暴露的持续时间，摄入途径，化合物的理化特性以及受影响的生物种类。本综述概述了砷的毒性作用，其重点是通过暴露于该类金属和致癌信号通路来研究患病率最高的不同类型的癌症。肺和膀胱，其次是肌肉和神经组织。砷蓄积在器官中，尤其是肝脏中。它的排泄主要通过排尿进行。砷的毒物动力学取决于暴露的持续时间，摄入途径，化合物的理化特性以及受影响的生物种类。本综述概述了砷的毒性作用，其重点是通过暴露于该类金属和致癌信号通路来研究患病率最高的不同类型的癌症。