Plants produce species-specific herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) after damage. We tested the hypothesis that herbivore-specific HIPVs prime neighboring plants to induce defenses specific to the priming herbivore. Since Manduca sexta (specialist) and Heliothis virescens (generalist) herbivory induced unique HIPV profiles in Nicotiana benthamiana, we used these HIPVs to prime receiver plants for defense responses to simulated herbivory (mechanical wounding and herbivore regurgitant application). Jasmonic acid (JA) accumulations and emitted volatile profiles were monitored as representative defense responses since JA is the major plant hormone involved in wound and defense signaling and HIPVs have been implicated as signals in tritrophic interactions. Herbivore species-specific HIPVs primed neighboring plants, which produced 2 to 4 times more volatiles and JA after simulated herbivory when compared to similarly treated constitutive volatile-exposed plants. However, HIPV-exposed plants accumulated similar amounts of volatiles and JA independent of the combination of priming or challenging herbivore. Furthermore, volatile profiles emitted by primed plants depended only on the challenging herbivore species but not on the species-specific HIPV profile of damaged emitter plants. This suggests that feeding by either herbivore species primed neighboring plants for increased HIPV emissions specific to the subsequently attacking herbivore and is probably controlled by JA.

中文翻译：

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食草动物特有的植物挥发物可引发邻近植物的非特异性防御​​反应。

受损后，植物会产生物种特异性的草食动物诱导的植物挥发物（HIPV）。我们测试了草食动物特异性HIPV引发邻近植物诱导特异于草食动物防御的假说。由于Manduca sexta（专科医生）和Vilioscenscens（普通主义者）在本生烟草中诱导出独特的HIPV谱，因此我们将这些HIPV用作主要接收植物，以对模拟食草动物产生防御反应（机械创伤和食草动物反流应用）。茉莉酸（JA）的积累和散发的挥发性特征被监测为代表性的防御反应，因为JA是参与伤口和防御信号传导的主要植物激素，而HIPVs被认为是三养相互作用中的信号。食草动物特定的HIPV引发了邻近植物的生长，与类似处理的组成性挥发物暴露植物相比，模拟草食后产生的挥发物和JA含量高2至4倍。但是，暴露于HIPV的植物积累了相似量的挥发物和JA，而与引发或挑战性草食动物的组合无关。此外，发芽植物释放的挥发性特征仅取决于具有挑战性的草食动物种类，而不取决于受损的排放植物的特定于物种的HIPV特征。这表明，任一草食动物物种的饲喂都会引发邻近植物的增高的HIPV排放，这是针对随后攻击的草食动物所特有的，并且可能受JA的控制。接触HIPV的植物积累了相似量的挥发物和JA，而与引发或挑战性草食动物的组合无关。此外，发芽植物释放的挥发性特征仅取决于具有挑战性的草食动物种类，而不取决于受损的排放植物的特定于物种的HIPV特征。这表明，任一草食动物物种的饲喂都会引发邻近植物的增高的HIPV排放，这是针对随后攻击的草食动物所特有的，并且可能受JA的控制。接触HIPV的植物积累了相似量的挥发物和JA，而与引发或挑战性草食动物的组合无关。此外，发芽植物释放的挥发性特征仅取决于具有挑战性的草食动物种类，而不取决于受损的排放植物的特定于物种的HIPV特征。这表明，任一草食动物物种的饲喂都会引发邻近植物的增高的HIPV排放，这是针对随后攻击的草食动物所特有的，并且可能受JA控制。