The maintenance of immunological tolerance of B lymphocytes is a complex and critical process that must be implemented as to avoid the detrimental development of autoreactivity and possible autoimmunity. Murine models have been invaluable to elucidate many of the key components in B-cell tolerance; however, translation to human homeostatic and pathogenic immune states can be difficult to assess. Functional autoreactive, flow cytometric, and single-cell cloning assays have proven to be critical in deciphering breaks in B-cell tolerance within autoimmunity; however, newer approaches to assess human B-cell tolerance may prove to be vital in the further exploration of underlying tolerance defects. In this review, we supply a comprehensive overview of human immune tolerance checkpoints with associated mechanisms of enforcement, and highlight current and future methodologies which are likely to benefit future studies into the mechanisms that become defective in human autoimmune conditions.

中文翻译：

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了解和测量人类B细胞耐受性及其在自身免疫性疾病中的分解。

维持B淋巴细胞的免疫耐受性是一个复杂而关键的过程，必须执行该过程，以避免自身反应性和可能的​​自身免疫性的不利发展。鼠模型对于阐明B细胞耐受性的许多关键成分具有无价的价值。但是，很难转换为人体稳态和病原性免疫状态。功能性自身反应，流式细胞仪和单细胞克隆测定已被证明在解密自身免疫中B细胞耐受性断裂方面至关重要。然而，评估人类B细胞耐受性的新方法可能对进一步探索潜在的耐受性缺陷至关重要。在这篇评论中，我们提供了人类免疫耐受检查点的全面概述以及相关的执行机制，