Under physiological states, the nervous system and the kidneys communicate with each other to maintain normal body homeostasis. However, pathological states disrupt this interaction as seen in hypertension, and kidney damage can cause impaired renorenal reflex and sodium handling. In acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD), damaged kidneys can have a detrimental effect on the central nervous system. CKD is an independent risk factor for cerebrovascular disease and cognitive impairment, and many factors, including retention of uremic toxins and phosphate, have been proposed as CKD-specific factors responsible for structural and functional cerebral changes in patients with CKD. However, more studies are needed to determine the precise pathogenesis. Epidemiological studies have shown that AKI is associated with a subsequent risk for developing stroke and dementia. However, recent animal studies have shown that the renal nerve contributes to kidney inflammation and fibrosis, whereas activation of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, which involves the vagus nerve, the splenic nerve, and immune cells in the spleen, has a significant renoprotective effect. Therefore, elucidating mechanisms of communication between the nervous system and the kidney enables us not only to develop new strategies to ameliorate neurological conditions associated with kidney disease but also to design safe and effective clinical interventions for kidney disease, using the neural and neuroimmune control of kidney injury and disease.

中文翻译：

---

神经系统和肾脏之间的串扰。

在生理状态下，神经系统和肾脏相互沟通以维持正常的体内稳态。但是，病理状态会破坏这种相互作用，如在高血压中所见，肾脏损害会导致肾反射和钠处理受损。在急性肾损伤（AKI）和慢性肾脏病（CKD）中，受损的肾脏会对中枢神经系统产生有害影响。CKD是脑血管疾病和认知障碍的独立危险因素，并且已提出许多因素，包括尿毒症毒素和磷酸盐的保留，是导致CKD患者脑结构和功能改变的CKD特异性因素。但是，需要更多的研究来确定确切的发病机理。流行病学研究表明，AKI与中风和痴呆症的后续风险相关。但是，最近的动物研究表明，肾神经有助于肾脏发炎和纤维化，而涉及迷走神经，脾神经和脾脏免疫细胞的胆碱能抗炎途径的激活具有明显的肾脏保护作用。 。因此，阐明神经系统与肾脏之间的通讯机制不仅使我们能够开发新的策略来改善与肾脏疾病相关的神经系统疾病，而且能够利用肾脏的神经和神经免疫控制设计针对肾脏疾病的安全有效的临床干预措施伤害和疾病。最近的动物研究表明，肾神经有助于肾脏炎症和纤维化，而涉及迷走神经，脾神经和脾脏免疫细胞的胆碱能抗炎途径的激活具有显着的肾脏保护作用。因此，阐明神经系统与肾脏之间的通讯机制不仅使我们能够开发新的策略来改善与肾脏疾病相关的神经系统疾病，而且能够利用肾脏的神经和神经免疫控制设计针对肾脏疾病的安全有效的临床干预措施伤害和疾病。最近的动物研究表明，肾神经有助于肾脏炎症和纤维化，而涉及迷走神经，脾神经和脾脏免疫细胞的胆碱能抗炎途径的激活具有显着的肾脏保护作用。因此，阐明神经系统与肾脏之间的通讯机制不仅使我们能够开发新的策略来改善与肾脏疾病相关的神经系统疾病，而且能够利用肾脏的神经和神经免疫控制设计针对肾脏疾病的安全有效的临床干预措施伤害和疾病。而脾脏中的免疫细胞，具有明显的肾脏保护作用。因此，阐明神经系统与肾脏之间的通讯机制不仅使我们能够开发新的策略来改善与肾脏疾病相关的神经系统疾病，而且能够利用肾脏的神经和神经免疫控制设计针对肾脏疾病的安全有效的临床干预措施伤害和疾病。而脾脏中的免疫细胞，具有明显的肾脏保护作用。因此，阐明神经系统与肾脏之间的通讯机制不仅使我们能够开发新的策略来改善与肾脏疾病相关的神经系统疾病，而且能够利用肾脏的神经和神经免疫控制设计针对肾脏疾病的安全有效的临床干预措施伤害和疾病。