Metal cations and anions are essential for versatile physiological processes. Dysregulation of specific ion levels in living organisms is known to have an adverse effect on normal biological events. Owing to the pathophysiological significance of ions, sensitive and selective methods to detect these species in biological systems are in high demand. Because they can be used in methods for precise and quantitative analysis of ions, organic dye-based ratiometric fluorescent probes have been extensively explored in recent years. In this review, recent advances (2015–2019) made in the development and biological applications of synthetic ratiometric fluorescent probes are described. Particular emphasis is given to organic dye-based ratiometric fluorescent probes that are designed to detect biologically important and relevant ions in cells and living organisms. Also, the fundamental principles associated with the design of ratiometric fluorescent probes and perspectives about how to expand their biological applications are discussed.

中文翻译：

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合成比例荧光探针，用于检测离子。

金属阳离子和阴离子对于多种生理过程至关重要。已知生物体中特定离子水平的失调对正常生物学事件有不利影响。由于离子的病理生理学意义，迫切需要在生物系统中检测这些物种的灵敏且选择性的方法。由于它们可以用于精确和定量地分析离子的方法中，因此近年来，基于有机染料的比例荧光探针已得到了广泛的研究。在这篇综述中，描述了合成比例荧光探针的开发和生物学应用方面的最新进展（2015-2019年）。特别强调基于有机染料的比例荧光探针，该探针设计用于检测细胞和活生物体中生物学上重要的相关离子。此外，还讨论了与比例荧光探针设计相关的基本原理以及有关如何扩展其生物学应用的观点。