With increasing cost and supply risks of lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), exploitation of alternative metal‐ion batteries has been ongoing in recent years. Sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs), potassium‐ion batteries (PIBs), and aluminum‐ion batteries (AIBs) have unique advantages as post‐LIB alternatives. Nonetheless, development of electrode materials with high capacity, good reversibility, and extended cycling stability remains challenging. Metal sulfides (MSs), with improved electronic conductivity and better reversibility than metal oxide counterparts, as well as high theoretical capacities, are deemed as promising electrode materials and have been investigated in SIBs, PIBs, and AIBs. However, the cycling stability of MSs is still a persistent limitation. In order to manifest the advantages while overcoming the drawbacks of MSs, multiple strategies have been attempted. In this review, the approaches to improve the electrochemical performances of MSs in SIBs, PIBs, and AIBs, including nanostructuring and carbon incorporation, creation of hollow interiors, composition and crystal structures engineering, etc., are summarized and elaborated. Recent advances using in situ characterization methods to probe the complex electrochemical mechanisms of MSs in SIBs, PIBs, and AIBs are also presented and highlighted. The issues to be tackled are listed and the future directions for performance improvements of MSs in SIBs, PIBs, and AIBs are discussed.

中文翻译：

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锂离子电池（钠，钾和铝离子电池）以外的金属硫化物和原位表征方法的进展

随着锂离子电池（LIB）成本和供应风险的增加，近年来一直在开发替代金属离子电池。钠离子电池（SIB），钾离子电池（PIB）和铝离子电池（AIB）作为LIB后替代品具有独特的优势。然而，开发具有高容量，良好的可逆性和延长的循环稳定性的电极材料仍然具有挑战性。具有比金属氧化物对应物更高的电导率和更好的可逆性以及较高的理论容量的金属硫化物（MS）被认为是很有前途的电极材料，并已在SIB，PIB和AIB中进行了研究。但是，MS的循环稳定性仍然是一个持续的限制。为了在克服MS缺点的同时体现优势，已经尝试了多种策略。在这篇综述中，总结和阐述了改善SIB，PIB和AIB中MS电化学性能的方法，包括纳米结构和碳掺入，中空内部的创建，组成和晶体结构工程等。还介绍并强调了使用原位表征方法探测SIB，PIB和AIB中MS的复杂电化学机制的最新进展。列出了要解决的问题，并讨论了SIB，PIB和AIB中MS的性能改进的未来方向。组成和晶体结构工程等，进行了总结和阐述。还介绍并强调了使用原位表征方法探测SIB，PIB和AIB中MS的复杂电化学机制的最新进展。列出了要解决的问题，并讨论了SIB，PIB和AIB中MS的性能改进的未来方向。组成和晶体结构工程等，进行了总结和阐述。还介绍并强调了使用原位表征方法探测SIB，PIB和AIB中MS的复杂电化学机制的最新进展。列出了要解决的问题，并讨论了SIB，PIB和AIB中MS的性能改进的未来方向。