Microtubules control cell architecture by serving as a scaffold for intracellular transport, signaling, and organelle positioning. Microtubules are intrinsically polarized, and their orientation, density, and post-translational modifications both respond and contribute to cell polarity. Animal cells that can rapidly reorient their polarity axis, such as fibroblasts, immune cells, and cancer cells, contain radially organized microtubule arrays anchored at the centrosome and the Golgi apparatus, whereas stably polarized cells often acquire non-centrosomal microtubule networks attached to the cell cortex, nucleus, or other structures. Microtubule density, longevity, and post-translational modifications strongly depend on the dynamics of their plus ends. Factors controlling microtubule plus-end dynamics are often part of cortical assemblies that integrate cytoskeletal organization, cell adhesion, and secretion and are subject to microtubule-dependent feedback regulation. Finally, microtubules can mechanically contribute to cell asymmetry by promoting cell elongation, a property that might be important for cells with dense microtubule arrays growing in soft environments.

中文翻译：

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微管网络不对称的产生和调节以驱动细胞极性。

微管通过充当细胞内运输、信号传导和细胞器定位的支架来控制细胞结构。微管本质上是极化的，它们的方向、密度和翻译后修饰都会对细胞极性做出反应并做出贡献。可以快速重新定向极性轴的动物细胞，如成纤维细胞、免疫细胞和癌细胞，包含固定在中心体和高尔基体的径向组织的微管阵列，而稳定极化的细胞通常获得附着在细胞上的非中心体微管网络皮层、细胞核或其他结构。微管密度、寿命和翻译后修饰在很大程度上取决于其正端的动态。控制微管正端动力学的因素通常是整合细胞骨架组织、细胞粘附和分泌的皮质组件的一部分，并受微管依赖性反馈调节。最后，微管可以通过促进细胞伸长来机械地促进细胞不对称，这一特性对于在软环境中生长的具有致密微管阵列的细胞可能很重要。