The manipulation of small objects with light has become an indispensable tool in many areas of research, ranging from physics to biology and medicine^{1,2,3,4,5,6,7}. Here, we demonstrate how to implement micromanipulation at the optimal level of efficiency for arbitrarily shaped targets and inside complex environments such as disordered media. Our approach is to design wavefronts in the far field^{8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15} with optimal properties in the near field of the target to apply the strongest possible force, pressure or torque as well as to achieve the most efficient focus inside the target. This non-iterative technique only relies on a simple eigenvalue problem established from the system’s scattering matrix and its dependence on small shifts in specific target parameters (access to the near field of the target is not required). To illustrate this concept, we perform a proof-of-principle experiment in the microwave regime, fully confirming our predictions.

在物理学，生物学，医学^{1,2,3,4,5,6,7的}许多研究领域中，用光操纵小物体已成为必不可少的工具。在这里，我们演示了如何针对任意形状的目标以及复杂环境（如无序介质）在最佳效率水平上实现显微操作。我们的方法是在远场中设计波阵面^{8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15}具有在目标近场中的最佳性能，以施加最大可能的力，压力或扭矩，并在目标内部实现最有效的聚焦。这种非迭代技术仅依赖于从系统的散射矩阵建立的简单特征值问题，并且依赖于特定目标参数的微小变化（不需要进入目标的近场）。为了说明这一概念，我们在微波状态下进行了原理验证实验，充分证实了我们的预测。