B-cell and antibody responses to Plasmodium spp., the parasite that causes malaria, are critical for control of parasitemia and associated immunopathology. Antibodies also provide protection to reinfection. Long-lasting B-cell memory has been shown to occur in response to Plasmodium spp. in experimental model infections, and in human malaria. However, there are reports that antibody responses to several malaria antigens in young children living with malaria are not similarly long-lived, suggesting a dysfunction in the maintenance of circulating antibodies. Some studies attribute this to the expansion of atypical memory B cells (AMB), which express multiple inhibitory receptors and activation markers, and are hyporesponsive to B-cell receptor (BCR) restimulation in vitro. AMB are also expanded in other chronic infections such as tuberculosis, hepatitis B and C, and HIV, as well as in autoimmunity and old age, highlighting the importance of understanding their role in immunity. Whether AMB are dysfunctional remains controversial, as there are also studies in other infections showing that AMB can produce isotype-switched antibodies and in mouse can contribute to protection against infection. In light of these controversies, we review the most recent literature on either side of the debate and challenge some of the currently held views regarding B-cell responses to Plasmodium infections.

中文翻译：

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疟疾中的B细胞记忆：神话与现实。

B细胞和抗体对疟原虫（Plasmodium spp。）的反应，疟原虫是引起疟疾的寄生虫，对控制寄生虫血症和相关的免疫病理学至关重要。抗体还提供对再感染的保护。已显示出持久的B细胞记忆可响应疟原虫spp发生。在实验模型感染和人类疟疾中。但是，有报道说，在患有疟疾的幼儿中，对几种疟疾抗原的抗体反应寿命不长，这表明循环抗体的维持功能障碍。一些研究将其归因于非典型记忆B细胞（AMB）的扩增，该细胞表达多种抑制性受体和激活标记，并且对B细胞受体（BCR）的体外再刺激反应低下。AMB还扩展到其他慢性感染，例如结核病，乙型和丙型肝炎，艾滋病毒以及自身免疫性疾病和老年性疾病，凸显了了解其在免疫中的作用的重要性。AMB是否功能失调仍存在争议，因为在其他感染中也有研究表明AMB可以产生同种型转换的抗体，而在小鼠中可以帮助保护免受感染。鉴于这些争议，我们将回顾辩论双方的最新文献，并对目前关于B细胞对疟原虫感染的反应所持的观点提出质疑。因为在其他感染中也有研究表明AMB可以产生同种型转换的抗体，而在小鼠中可以帮助保护免受感染。鉴于这些争议，我们回顾了辩论双方的最新文献，并对目前关于B细胞对疟原虫感染的反应提出的一些观点提出了质疑。因为在其他感染中也有研究表明AMB可以产生同种型转换的抗体，而在小鼠中可以帮助保护免受感染。鉴于这些争议，我们回顾了辩论双方的最新文献，并对目前关于B细胞对疟原虫感染的反应提出的一些观点提出了质疑。