We compared the toxicity of the neonicotinoids imidacloprid, thiacloprid, thiamethoxam, acetamiprid, and clothianidin in terms of the survival and reproduction of 2 species of soil invertebrates, Folsomia candida and Eisenia andrei. Tests were performed using LUFA 2.2 natural soil, following standard protocols aimed at answering 2 questions: 1) Is there a difference in the toxicity between pure compound and its formulation? and 2) Is there a difference in the sensitivity of the species exposed to the same compound? For E. andrei, formulations and pure compounds had similar toxicity to both endpoints tested. For F. candida, acetamiprid and imidacloprid had different toxicities, with acetamiprid being 4 times more toxic to survival (median lethal concentration [LC50] 0.12 mg active substance [a.s.]/kg dry soil) and imidacloprid being 4 times more toxic to reproduction of the springtail (median effect concentration [EC50] 0.25 mg a.s./kg dry soil) than their commercial formulations. The most toxic compound to E. andrei was acetamiprid (LC50 0.80 and EC50 0.35-0.40 mg a.s./kg), and the most toxic to F. candida was clothianidin (LC50 0.07 and EC50 0.05 mg a.s./kg). Estimated risk ratios indicated that only one application/yr of clothianidin in the formulation Poncho® may pose a threat to the populations of springtails and earthworms. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:548-555. © 2019 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC.

中文翻译：

---

新烟碱类药物对念珠菌和埃森尼亚（Eisenia andrei）的毒性。

我们比较了新烟碱类吡虫啉，噻虫啉，噻虫嗪，扑热息痛和布比尼丁在2种土壤无脊椎动物，念珠菌（Folsomia candida）和艾森尼亚（Eisenia andrei）的存活和繁殖方面的毒性。使用LUFA 2.2天然土壤进行测试，遵循旨在回答2个问题的标准规程：1）纯化合物及其制剂之间的毒性是否存在差异？2）暴露于同一化合物的物种的敏感性是否有所不同？对于E. andrei，制剂和纯化合物对所测试的两个终点均具有相似的毒性。对于念珠菌，对乙酰胺和吡虫啉具有不同的毒性，其中对乙酰胺的存活毒性高4倍（中位致死浓度[LC50] 0.12 mg活性物质[以 [] / kg干燥土壤）和吡虫啉对跳尾生殖的毒性（中效浓度[EC50] 0.25 mg as / kg干燥土壤）是其市售制剂的4倍。对安德里亚大肠埃希氏菌毒性最高的化合物是对乙酰氨基安定（LC50 0.80和EC50 0.35-0.40 mg as / kg），对假丝酵母对F. Candida的毒性最大（LC50 0.07和EC50 0.05 mg as / kg）。估计的风险比表明，Poncho®制剂中每年仅施用一种可比尼丁可能会对跳虫和earth种群构成威胁。Environ Toxicol Chem 2020； 39：548-555。©2019作者。Wiley Periodicals，Inc.代表SETAC出版的《环境毒理学和化学》。对安德里亚大肠埃希氏菌毒性最高的化合物是对乙酰氨基酚（LC50为0.80和EC50为0.35-0.40毫克/千克），对念珠菌的最大毒性为可比安定（LC50为0.07和EC50为0.05毫克当量/千克）。估计的风险比表明，Poncho®制剂中每年仅施用一种可比丁胺可能会对跳虫和earth种群构成威胁。Environ Toxicol Chem 2020； 39：548-555。©2019作者。Wiley Periodicals，Inc.代表SETAC出版的《环境毒理学和化学》。对安德里亚大肠埃希氏菌毒性最高的化合物是对乙酰氨基安定（LC50 0.80和EC50 0.35-0.40 mg as / kg），对假丝酵母对F. Candida的毒性最大（LC50 0.07和EC50 0.05 mg as / kg）。估计的风险比表明，Poncho®制剂中每年仅施用一种可比丁胺可能会对跳虫和earth种群构成威胁。Environ Toxicol Chem 2020； 39：548-555。©2019作者。Wiley Periodicals，Inc.代表SETAC出版的《环境毒理学和化学》。Environ Toxicol Chem 2020； 39：548-555。©2019作者。Wiley Periodicals，Inc.代表SETAC出版的《环境毒理学和化学》。Environ Toxicol Chem 2020； 39：548-555。©2019作者。Wiley Periodicals，Inc.代表SETAC出版的《环境毒理学和化学》。