Abstract Checkpoint blockade immunotherapy revolutionizes the field of cancer therapy, among which anti-programmed cell death (anti-PD) therapy is the most successful one in clinic. Despite the tremendous advancement, anti-PD therapy is still limited by barriers such as low response rate and immune related adverse effects (AEs), which are mainly resulted from poor intratumoral infiltration of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and off-tumor distribution of the anti-PD drugs. To address these issues, nanosized drug delivery systems (NDDS) have been fabricated to realize synergistic application with anti-PD drugs for anti-tumor immunity priming or enable targeting delivery of anti-PD drugs with versatile chemical properties. In this review, we summarize the major barriers for successful anti-PD therapy, highlight current advances in NDDS with improved anti-PD therapeutic benefits, and discussed the possible directions of the field.

中文翻译：

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纳米药物递送系统克服癌症抗PD免疫治疗障碍的最新进展

摘要 检查点阻断免疫疗法彻底改变了癌症治疗领域，其中抗程序性细胞死亡（anti-PD）疗法是临床最成功的疗法。尽管取得了巨大的进步，但抗 PD 治疗仍然受到低反应率和免疫相关不良反应 (AE) 等障碍的限制，这主要是由于细胞毒性 T 淋巴细胞的肿瘤内浸润和抗 PD 的肿瘤外分布造成的药物。为了解决这些问题，纳米药物递送系统 (NDDS) 已经被制造出来，以实现与抗 PD 药物的协同应用，用于抗肿瘤免疫启动或能够靶向递送具有多种化学性质的抗 PD 药物。在这篇综述中，我们总结了成功抗 PD 治疗的主要障碍，