In the central nervous system (CNS), neuronal functionality is highly dependent on mitochondrial integrity and activity. In the context of a damaged or diseased brain, mitochondrial dysfunction leads to reductions in ATP levels, thus impairing ATP-dependent neural firing and neurotransmitter dynamics. Restoring mitochondrial ability to generate ATP may be a basic premise to restore neuronal functionality. Recently, emerging data in rodent and human studies suggest that mitochondria and its components are surprisingly released into extracellular space and potentially transferred between cells. Transferred mitochondria may support oxidative phosphorylation in recipient cells. In this mini-review, we (a) survey recent findings in cell to cell mitochondrial transfer and the presence of cell-free extracellular mitochondria and its components, (b) review experimental details of how to detect extracellular mitochondria and mitochondrial transfer in the CNS, (c) discuss strategies and tissue sources for mitochondria isolation, and (d) explore exogenous mitochondrial transplantation as a novel approach for CNS therapies.

中文翻译：

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细胞外线粒体在中枢神经系统损伤和疾病中的治疗用途。

在中枢神经系统（CNS）中，神经元功能高度依赖于线粒体的完整性和活性。在大脑受损或患病的情况下，线粒体功能障碍会导致ATP水平降低，从而削弱ATP依赖性神经放电和神经递质动力学。恢复线粒体产生ATP的能力可能是恢复神经元功能的基本前提。最近，在啮齿动物和人体研究中出现的新数据表明，线粒体及其成分令人惊讶地释放到细胞外空间，并可能在细胞之间转移。转移的线粒体可能支持受体细胞中的氧化磷酸化。在本小型审查中，我们（a）调查了细胞间线粒体转移的最新发现以及无细胞的细胞外线粒体及其成分的存在，