Over the past decade, we have witnessed a flourishing of novel strategies to enhance neuroplasticity and promote axon regeneration following spinal cord injury, and results from preclinical studies suggest that some of these strategies have the potential for clinical translation. Spinal cord injury leads to the disruption of neural circuitry and connectivity, resulting in permanent neurological disability. Recovery of function relies on augmenting neuroplasticity to potentiate sprouting and regeneration of spared and injured axons, to increase the strength of residual connections and to promote the formation of new connections and circuits. Neuroplasticity can be fostered by exploiting four main biological properties: neuronal intrinsic signalling, the neuronal extrinsic environment, the capacity to reconnect the severed spinal cord via neural stem cell grafts, and modulation of neuronal activity. In this Review, we discuss experimental evidence from rodents, nonhuman primates and patients regarding interventions that target each of these four properties. We then highlight the strengths and challenges of individual and combinatorial approaches with respect to clinical translation. We conclude by considering future developments and providing views on how to bridge the gap between preclinical studies and clinical translation.

中文翻译：

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脊髓损伤的转化景观：关注神经可塑性和再生。

在过去的十年中，我们见证了一系列新的策略来增强脊髓损伤后的神经可塑性和促进轴突再生，临床前研究的结果表明，其中一些策略具有临床转化的潜力。脊髓损伤导致神经回路和连接中断，导致永久性神经功能障碍。功能的恢复依赖于增强神经可塑性以增强备用和受损轴突的发芽和再生，增加残余连接的强度并促进新连接和回路的形成。可以通过利用四个主要生物学特性来促进神经可塑性：神经元内在信号传导、神经元外在环境、通过神经干细胞移植物重新连接切断的脊髓的能力，以及调节神经元活动的能力。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了来自啮齿动物、非人类灵长类动物和患者的关于针对这四种特性中的每一种的干预措施的实验证据。然后，我们强调个体和组合方法在临床翻译方面的优势和挑战。最后，我们考虑了未来的发展，并就如何弥合临床前研究和临床转化之间的差距提供了意见。然后，我们强调个体和组合方法在临床翻译方面的优势和挑战。最后，我们考虑了未来的发展，并就如何弥合临床前研究和临床转化之间的差距提供了意见。然后，我们强调个体和组合方法在临床翻译方面的优势和挑战。最后，我们考虑了未来的发展，并就如何弥合临床前研究和临床转化之间的差距提供了意见。