Persistent insecticides sprayed onto house walls, and incorporated into insecticide‐treated bednets, provide long‐acting, cost‐effective control of vector‐borne diseases such as malaria and leishmaniasis. The high concentrations that occur immediately postdeployment may kill both resistant and susceptible insects. However, insecticide concentration, and therefore killing ability, declines in the months after deployment. As concentrations decline, resistant insects start to survive, while susceptible insects are still killed. The period of time after deployment, within which the mortality of resistant individuals is lower than that of susceptible ones, has been termed the “window of selection” in other contexts. It is recognized as driving resistance in bacteria and malaria parasites, both of which are predominantly haploid. We argue that paying more attention to these mortality differences can help understand the evolution of insecticide resistance. Because insects are diploid, resistance encoded by single genes generates heterozygotes. This gives the potential for a narrower “window of dominance,” within the window of selection, where heterozygote mortality is lower than that of susceptible homozygotes. We explore the general properties of windows of selection and dominance in driving resistance. We quantify their likely effect using data from new laboratory experiments and published data from the laboratory and field. These windows can persist months or years after insecticide deployments. Differential mortalities of resistant, susceptible and heterozygous genotypes, after public health deployments, constitute a major challenge to controlling resistance. Greater attention to mortality differences by genotype would inform strategies to reduce the evolution of resistance to existing and new insecticides.

中文翻译：

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选择窗和主导窗在人类疾病载体中杀虫剂抗性演变中的作用

持久的杀虫剂喷洒在房屋墙壁上，并掺入经过杀虫剂处理的蚊帐中，可以长期有效地控制疟疾和利什曼病等媒介传播疾病。部署后立即发生的高浓度可能会杀死抗药性和易感性昆虫。但是，在部署后的几个月中，杀虫剂的浓度以及因此的杀灭能力会下降。随着浓度的下降，抗性昆虫开始生存，而易感昆虫仍被杀死。在其他情况下，部署后一段时间内抗药性个体的死亡率低于易感人群的死亡率，这一时期被称为“选择之窗”。它被认为是细菌和疟疾寄生虫中的主要驱动力，两者都是主要的单倍体。我们认为，更多地关注这些死亡率差异可以帮助理解杀虫剂抗性的演变。因为昆虫是二倍体，所以由单个基因编码的抗性会产生杂合子。在选择窗口内，这可能会产生更窄的“优势窗口”，杂合子死亡率低于易感纯合子。我们探索选择窗口的一般属性和行驶阻力方面的优势。我们使用来自新实验室实验的数据以及来自实验室和现场的已发布数据来量化其可能的影响。在使用杀虫剂后，这些窗口可能会持续数月或数年。在公共卫生部署后，耐药，易感和杂合基因型的致死率不同，对控制耐药性构成了重大挑战。