Although photopolymerization is generally considered a green technology for polymer production, it is not a panacea. Indeed, recent reports have identified environmental contamination by photoinitiators (PIs), key additives used in photopolymerization. In the present study, the occurrence of 25 PIs—8 benzophenones (BZPs), 9 amine co-initiators (ACIs), 4 thioxanthones (TXs), and 4 phosphine oxides (POs)—was investigated in human breast milk samples from United States donors. Fifteen PIs were detected in the breast milk samples, with ΣPIs in a wide range of 0.46–81.7 ng/mL (geometric mean (GM): 10.9 ng/mL). BZPs (GM: 10.3 ng/mL) were the dominant group, contributing 94.4% to ΣPIs, followed by ACIs (GM: 0.19 ng/mL), POs (GM: 0.15 ng/mL), and TXs (GM: 0.028 ng/mL). Among the 15 detected congeners, benzophenone (GM: 8.23 ng/mL) was the dominant congener, contributing 82.9% and 79.0% to ΣBZPs and ΣPIs, respectively. No significant relationship was found between the PI concentrations and donor characteristics (age and ethnicity). The estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of PIs (920–7.90 × 10³ ng/kg bw/day) via breastfeeding were calculated for infants. The calculated EDIs correspond to low health risks. To our knowledge, this is the first investigation reporting the occurrence of 15 PIs in human breast milk and evaluating the implications for exposure in infants.

中文翻译：

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美国捐助者母乳中的光引发剂：婴儿暴露的发生及其影响

尽管光聚合通常被认为是生产聚合物的绿色技术，但它不是万能药。实际上，最近的报告已经确定了光引发剂（PIs）对环境的污染，而光引发剂是光聚合中使用的关键添加剂。在本研究中，在美国的母乳样品中调查了25种PI的发生-8种二苯甲酮（BZPs），9种胺共引发剂（ACI），4种噻吨酮（TXs）和4种氧化膦（POs）。捐助者。在母乳样品中检测到15个PI，其中ΣPI在0.46-81.7 ng / mL的宽范围内（几何平均值（GM）：10.9 ng / mL）。BZPs（GM：10.3 ng / mL）是最主要的组，对ΣPIs贡献94.4％，其次是ACIs（GM：0.19 ng / mL），POs（GM：0.15 ng / mL）和TX（GM：0.028 ng / mL）。毫升）。在检测到的15种同类物中，二苯甲酮（GM：8。23 ng / mL）是主要同源物，分别为ΣBZP和ΣPI贡献82.9％和79.0％。在PI浓度和供体特征（年龄和种族）之间未发现显着关系。PI的估计每日摄入量（EDI）（920–7.90×10计算出婴儿的母乳喂养量为³ ng / kg体重/天。计算得出的EDI与低健康风险相对应。据我们所知，这是第一项报告，报告了人类母乳中15种PI的发生，并评估了其对婴儿暴露的影响。