Vitis vinifera is a species of temperate origin that reactivates the dormant secondary phloem from the previous year at the resumption of growth in spring. Following harsh winters, grapevines may display a set of symptoms including delayed and heterogeneous budbreak, dieback with shoot renewal from the trunk base or sudden death of the plant. Although it was suggested that these symptoms may be associated with freeze damage to the secondary phloem, there is no experimental evidence that quantifies tissue responses to freezing and their consequences for the plant. This work evaluated how different severities of cold damage to the secondary phloem during the dormant season impacted the anatomical, physiological, and agronomic responses of grapevines during the subsequent growing season. Single-node cane sections were subjected to a range of freezing temperatures that damaged only the phloem, and changes in anatomy and physiology were monitored. In addition, the consequences of natural winter freezes for yield formation of field-grown plants were evaluated. Our results suggest that the more severe a freeze event is, the greater will be the degree of secondary phloem disorganization, leading to delays in budbreak and subsequent phenological stages, and in cambial activity. Winter freezes also led to a loss of plant vigor and a reduction in cluster number, berries per cluster, and fruit sugar content. We conclude that winter freeze events can produce hidden damage in grapevine perennial tissues, which may compromise subsequent growth and productivity depending on the severity of the damage.

中文翻译：

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冬季对葡萄藤次生韧皮部和形成层的伤害损害萌芽、形成层活动和产量形成

Vitis vinifera 是一种原产于温带的物种，它在春季恢复生长时重新激活前一年休眠的次生韧皮部。在严冬之后，葡萄藤可能会出现一系列症状，包括延迟和异质萌芽、枯死并从树干基部更新枝条或植物突然死亡。尽管有人提出这些症状可能与次生韧皮部的冷冻损伤有关，但没有实验证据可以量化组织对冷冻的反应及其对植物的影响。这项工作评估了休眠季节对次生韧皮部的不同冷害严重程度如何影响葡萄藤在随后的生长季节中的解剖、生理和农艺反应。单节甘蔗部分经受一系列冷冻温度，仅损坏韧皮部，并监测解剖学和生理学的变化。此外，还评估了自然冬季冻结对田间种植植物产量形成的影响。我们的结果表明，冻结事件越严重，次生韧皮部解体的程度就越大，导致萌芽和随后的物候阶段以及形成层活动的延迟。冬季结冰还导致植物活力丧失，簇数、每簇浆果和果实糖含量减少。我们得出结论，冬季冰冻事件会在葡萄藤多年生组织中产生隐藏的损伤，这可能会影响后续的生长和生产力，具体取决于损伤的严重程度。并监测解剖学和生理学的变化。此外，还评估了自然冬季冻结对田间种植植物产量形成的影响。我们的结果表明，冻结事件越严重，次生韧皮部解体的程度就越大，导致萌芽和随后的物候阶段以及形成层活动的延迟。冬季结冰还导致植物活力丧失，簇数、每簇浆果和果实糖含量减少。我们得出结论，冬季冰冻事件会在葡萄藤多年生组织中产生隐藏的损伤，这可能会影响后续的生长和生产力，具体取决于损伤的严重程度。并监测解剖学和生理学的变化。此外，还评估了自然冬季冻结对田间种植植物产量形成的影响。我们的结果表明，冻结事件越严重，次生韧皮部解体的程度就越大，导致萌芽和随后的物候阶段以及形成层活动的延迟。冬季结冰还导致植物活力丧失，簇数、每簇浆果和果实糖含量减少。我们得出结论，冬季冰冻事件会在葡萄藤多年生组织中产生隐藏的损伤，这可能会影响后续的生长和生产力，具体取决于损伤的严重程度。评估了自然冬季冻结对田间种植植物产量形成的影响。我们的结果表明，冻结事件越严重，次生韧皮部解体的程度就越大，导致萌芽和随后的物候阶段以及形成层活动的延迟。冬季结冰还导致植物活力丧失，簇数、每簇浆果和果实糖含量减少。我们得出结论，冬季冰冻事件会在葡萄藤多年生组织中产生隐藏的损伤，这可能会影响后续的生长和生产力，具体取决于损伤的严重程度。评估了自然冬季冻结对田间种植植物产量形成的影响。我们的结果表明，冻结事件越严重，次生韧皮部解体的程度就越大，导致萌芽和随后的物候阶段以及形成层活动的延迟。冬季结冰还导致植物活力丧失，簇数、每簇浆果和果实糖含量减少。我们得出结论，冬季冰冻事件会在葡萄藤多年生组织中产生隐藏的损伤，这可能会影响后续的生长和生产力，具体取决于损伤的严重程度。并在活动中。冬季结冰还导致植物活力丧失，簇数、每簇浆果和果实糖含量减少。我们得出结论，冬季冰冻事件会在葡萄藤多年生组织中产生隐藏的损伤，这可能会影响后续的生长和生产力，具体取决于损伤的严重程度。并在活动中。冬季结冰还导致植物活力丧失，簇数、每簇浆果和果实糖含量减少。我们得出结论，冬季冰冻事件会在葡萄藤多年生组织中产生隐藏的损伤，这可能会影响后续的生长和生产力，具体取决于损伤的严重程度。