With the increasing importance of personalized medicine and genomics, biosensors have received considerable attention in various fields, including clinical diagnostics, food inspection and environmental monitoring. In particular, advances in electrochemical biosensing technologies for clinical diagnostics pave the way for ultrasensitive detection of nucleic acid sequences using miniaturized and low-cost devices suitable for point-of-use applications. This account reviews three major amplification strategies utilizing nanomaterials as (i) ‘nanocatalysts’ in electrocatalysis, (ii) redox active reporters (‘nanoreporters’) and (iii) cargos for redox markers (‘nanocarriers’). In addition, and motivated by the need for reproducible and robust sensing, the integration of biosensors with microfluidic tools, including paper-based devices, are also covered.

中文翻译：

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用于电化学核酸生物传感中分子信号放大的纳米材料：即时诊断的最新进展和未来前景

随着个性化医学和基因组学的重要性日益提高，生物传感器在临床诊断，食品检验和环境监测等各个领域都受到了相当大的关注。特别地，用于临床诊断的电化学生物传感技术的进步为使用适合使用点应用的小型化和低成本设备为核酸序列的超灵敏检测铺平了道路。此帐户回顾了三种主要的放大策略，它们将纳米材料用作（i）电催化中的“纳米催化剂”，（ii）氧化还原活性报告分子（“ nanoreporters ”）和（iii）氧化还原标记物的货物（“纳米载体”'）。另外，出于对可重复且鲁棒的传感的需求，也涵盖了生物传感器与微流体工具（包括基于纸张的设备）的集成。