Toxaphene is a restricted-use pesticide produced by reacting chlorine gas with camphene. It was heavily used as a pesticide for agricultural purposes in the 1960-1970s, but despite being banned >30 years ago, it can remain elevated in the soil due to its resistance to metabolic degradation; this has led to longstanding concerns about elevated levels of toxaphene and other organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the environment. The objective of this study were to determine the effects of waterborne exposure to toxaphene on early life stages of zebrafish. Based on the LC50, zebrafish embryos were exposed to control (embryo rearing media or DMSO) or to one dose of toxaphene ranging between 0.011 and 111.1 μg/mL from 6 h post fertilization (hpf) up to 120 hpf. Significant mortality and hatch time delays were observed in embryos exposed to toxaphene (at or above 0.11 and 1.11 μg/mL, depending on the assay). Higher prevalence of deformities was noted at higher doses (≥0.011 μg/mL), and these included pericardial edema and skeletal deformities. As energy production is important for normal development, mitochondrial bioenergetics were assessed in embryos following toxaphene exposure. Embryos exposed to 11.1 or 111 μg/mL toxaphene for 24 h showed lower non-mitochondrial respiration (~30%) compared to both solvent and no treatment controls. Expression of transcripts related to oxidative damage responses and apoptosis were measured and heat shock protein 70 was significantly increased with 111 μg/mL toxaphene (14.5 fold), while the expression levels of caspase 3, caspase 9, and superoxide dismutase 1 were not changed. These data demonstrate that developmental deformities induced by toxaphene include pericardial edema and skeletal deformity, and that toxaphene can affect oxidative phosphorylation in early staged zebrafish.

中文翻译：

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有机氯农药毒杀芬可减少早期斑马鱼（Danio rerio）中非线粒体的呼吸并诱导热休克蛋白70的表达。

毒杀芬​​是一种限制使用的农药，它是使氯气与chlorine烯反应制得的。在1960-1970年代，它被大量用作农业杀虫剂，但尽管在30年前被禁止使用，但由于其对代谢降解的抵抗力，它仍可以在土壤中保持高含量。这导致人们对环境中毒杀芬和其他有机氯农药（OCP）含量升高的担忧由来已久。这项研究的目的是确定水暴露于毒杀芬对斑马鱼生命早期的影响。根据LC50，从受精后6 h（hpf）至120 hpf，将斑马鱼胚胎暴露于对照（胚胎饲养培养基或DMSO）或一剂剂量范围在0.011至111.1μg/ mL的毒杀芬中。在暴露于毒杀芬的胚胎中观察到了显着的死亡率和孵化时间延迟（等于或大于0.11和1.11μg/ mL，取决于测定）。在较高剂量（≥0.011μg/ mL）下，畸形的患病率更高，其中包括心包水肿和骨骼畸形。由于能量产生对于正常发育很重要，因此在暴露于毒杀芬后的胚胎中评估了线粒体生物能。与溶剂和无处理对照组相比，暴露于11.1或111μg/ mL毒杀芬24小时的胚胎显示出较低的非线粒体呼吸（〜30％）。测量了与氧化损伤反应和细胞凋亡相关的转录本的表达，热休克蛋白70的含量显着增加，为111μg/ mL毒杀芬（14.5倍），而胱天蛋白酶3，胱天蛋白酶9的表达水平 超氧化物歧化酶1不变。这些数据表明，毒杀芬诱发的发育畸形包括心包水肿和骨骼畸形，并且毒杀芬可影响早期斑马鱼的氧化磷酸化。