BACKGROUND Dietary modification is the primary intervention strategy for management of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), which usually occurs in the third trimester of pregnancy when women have extra nutritional needs. There is a high migration rate of ethnic Chinese people to Western countries, and those women present a high-risk group for GDM. Little is known about diet, dietary self-management, and nutritional supplementation use among ethnic Chinese migrant women with GDM compared with members of the host population with GDM. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to compare the perceptions and experiences of dietary self-management and nutritional needs of ethnic Chinese migrants with those of Australian-born white women with GDM in Australia. DESIGN A predominantly qualitative mixed methods approach with a quantitative component was used. Data collection involved in-depth, semistructured interviews, and 3-day 24-hour recall diaries collected concurrently. Data analysis and management relied on NVivo (QSR International Pty Ltd), FoodWorks (FoodWorks Professional 2017, Xyris Software), and SPSS (SPSS Inc). Pearson χ2 test, independent-samples t test, and Mann-Whitney U test were used to compare nutrient intakes between groups. The Pearson correlation was used to determine the relationship between dietary patterns and nutrient intake. PARTICIPANTS A total of 44 ethnic Chinese and 39 Australian-born white participants with GDM were recruited from two large Australian maternity services located in tertiary hospitals. RESULTS Ethnic differences in satisfaction with GDM education influenced GDM self-management. Ethnic Chinese women with GDM perceived dietary advice received from health professionals to be lacking in cultural relevance and detail and responded by restricting their dietary intake and relying on nutritional supplementation. The perceived benefits of specific supplements produced ethnic differences in the patterns of supplement use. Cultural dietary patterns influenced dietary adequacy in pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests the need for provision of more concrete, prescriptive, and culturally relevant dietary and supplementation advice for ethnic Chinese women with GDM.

中文翻译：

---

妊娠期糖尿病饮食管理中的种族差异：一项比较华裔移民和澳大利亚妇女的混合方法研究

背景 饮食调整是管理妊娠期糖尿病 (GDM) 的主要干预策略，妊娠期糖尿病 (GDM) 通常发生在妊娠晚期，此时女性有额外的营养需求。华裔向西方国家迁移率高，女性是GDM的高危人群。与 GDM 宿主人群相比，GDM 华裔移民女性的饮食、饮食自我管理和营养补充使用知之甚少。目的 本研究旨在比较华裔移民与澳大利亚出生的 GDM 白人女性对饮食自我管理和营养需求的看法和经验。设计 主要使用具有定量成分的定性混合方法。数据收集涉及同时收集的深度、半结构化访谈和 3 天 24 小时回忆日记。数据分析和管理依赖于 NVivo（QSR International Pty Ltd）、FoodWorks（FoodWorks Professional 2017，Xyris Software）和 SPSS（SPSS Inc）。Pearson χ2 检验、独立样本 t 检验和 Mann-Whitney U 检验用于比较各组之间的营养摄入量。皮尔逊相关性用于确定饮食模式和营养摄入之间的关系。参与者 共有 44 名华裔和 39 名澳大利亚出生的 GDM 白人参与者来自位于三级医院的两家澳大利亚大型妇产服务机构。结果 对 GDM 教育满意度的种族差异影响 GDM 自我管理。患有 GDM 的华裔女性认为从健康专家那里得到的饮食建议缺乏文化相关性和细节，并通过限制饮食摄入和依赖营养补充来应对。特定补充剂的感知益处产生了补充剂使用模式的种族差异。文化饮食模式影响怀孕期间的饮食充足性。结论 本研究表明，需要为患有 GDM 的华裔女性提供更具体、规范和文化相关的饮食和补充建议。文化饮食模式影响怀孕期间的饮食充足性。结论 本研究表明，需要为患有 GDM 的华裔女性提供更具体、规范和文化相关的饮食和补充建议。文化饮食模式影响怀孕期间的饮食充足性。结论 本研究表明，需要为患有 GDM 的华裔女性提供更具体、规范和文化相关的饮食和补充建议。