Hybrid organic-inorganic metal halide perovskites (MHPs) have emerged as excellent absorber materials for next generation solar cells owing to their simple solution-processed synthesis and high efficiency. This breakthrough in photovoltaics along with an accompanying impact in light-emitting applications prompted a renaissance of interest in the broad family of MHPs. Notably, the optoelectronic properties and the photovoltaic parameters of MHPs are highly sensitive to the adopted synthetic strategy. The preparation of MHPs has commonly relied on solution-based methods requiring elevated temperatures for homogeneity of reaction mixtures. While the solution-based approach is relatively versatile, it faces challenges such as limitations in compositional engineering of MHPs or their long-term storage among others. Therefore, there is a continuous great challenge to develop efficient synthetic strategies affording various high-quality MHP materials for numerous technological optoelectronic applications. In the past decade, mechanochemistry has appeared as a green alternative to traditional synthesis. This solid-state, re-emerging efficient synthetic methodology mediated by direct absorption of mechanical energy is growing explosively across organic and inorganic chemistry and materials science. In this Account, we describe our shared interest in the productive use of mechanical force in chemistry of MHPs, as well as assembly of the respective solar cell devices. We highlight the milestones achieved by our groups along with the seminal contributions by other groups. In particular, we demonstrate that mechanochemistry efficiently allows the formation of various phase pure hybrid lead and lead-free halide perovskite compositions (called hereafter "mechanoperovskites"). The progress in solvent-free solid-state synthesis is greatly enhanced by the integration of advanced methods of solid-state analysis like powder X-ray diffraction (pXRD), solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ss-NMR) and UV-vis spectroscopies, and we aim to illustrate this ongoing integration through appropriate examples. Furthermore, we show that thin films based on mechanoperovskites have the advantage of providing a higher degree of control of the stoichiometry and higher reproducibility, stability, and material phase purity. The impact of using powdered mechanoperovskite as a precursor for thin film formation on the electrochemical and photovoltaic properties of the solar cells is also discussed. Finally, our view of current challenges and future directions in this emerging interdisciplinary area of research is provided.

中文翻译：

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光伏应用的机械钙钛矿：制备，表征和器件制造。

杂化有机-无机金属卤化物钙钛矿（MHPs）由于其简单的固溶处理合成和高效率而已成为下一代太阳能电池的极佳吸收材料。光伏技术的突破以及随之而来的对发光应用的影响促使人们对广泛的MHP系列产生了兴趣。值得注意的是，MHP的光电特性和光伏参数对所采用的合成策略高度敏感。MHP的制备通常依赖于基于溶液的方法，该方法需要升高温度以确保反应混合物的均匀性。尽管基于解决方案的方法相对通用，但它面临诸如MHP组成工程的限制或它们的长期存储等挑战。所以，开发有效的合成策略，为多种技术光电应用提供各种高质量的MHP材料一直是一个巨大的挑战。在过去的十年中，机械化学已成为传统合成的绿色替代品。通过直接吸收机械能而介导的这种固态，新兴的高效合成方法，在有机和无机化学与材料科学领域呈爆炸性增长。在此帐户中，我们描述了我们对在MHP的化学反应中有效使用机械力以及组装各个太阳能电池设备的共同兴趣。我们重点介绍了我们团队所取得的里程碑以及其他团队的开创性贡献。特别是，我们证明了机械化学有效地允许形成各种相的纯杂化铅和无铅卤化物钙钛矿组合物（以下称为“机械钙钛矿”）。通过整合先进的固态分析方法，例如粉末X射线衍射（pXRD），固态核磁共振（ss-NMR）和UV-vis光谱学，可以大大提高无溶剂固态合成的进展，我们旨在通过适当的示例来说明这种持续的集成。此外，我们显示出基于机械钙钛矿的薄膜具有提供化学计量的更高程度的控制以及更高的重现性，稳定性和材料相纯度的优势。还讨论了使用粉末状的机械钙钛矿作为薄膜形成的前体对太阳能电池的电化学和光伏特性的影响。最后，提供了我们对这一新兴的跨学科研究领域中当前挑战和未来方向的看法。