Trichomonas is a significant protist genus, and includes T. vaginalis, the most prevalent sexually transmitted non-viral infection of humans, and T. gallinae of rock doves (Columba livia), one of the earliest known avian pathogens. New Trichomonas genotypes, including T. vaginalis-like isolates, have been discovered in American columbid hosts, suggesting geographically widespread cryptic diversity of Trichomonas in pigeons and doves. We sampled 319 birds from 22 columbid species in Australia, Papua New Guinea, New Zealand and southern Africa and uncovered 15 novel lineages of Trichomonas, more than doubling the known diversity of this parasite genus and providing evidence for frequent host-switching that eventually gave rise to T. vaginalis in humans. We show that Trichomonas has a columbid origin and likely underwent Miocene expansion out of Australasia. Our chronological topology for Trichomonas is calibrated on the evolution of a host phenotypic trait associated with ecological entrapment of the most basal extant lineage of Trichomonas in Ptilinopus fruit-doves.

中文翻译：

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澳大利亚的鸽子和鸽子的滴虫属谱系支持滴虫属的起源。

滴虫是一种重要的原生生物，包括人类最普遍通过性传播的非病毒感染的阴道锥虫和岩鸽的鸡鳞虫（Columba livia），这是已知的最早的禽类病原体之一。在美国的羽状寄主中发现了新的滴虫基因型，包括类似阴道锥虫的分离株，这表明鸽子和鸽子中滴虫的地理分布广泛。我们对来自澳大利亚，巴布亚新几内亚，新西兰和南部非洲的22种同居物种的319只鸟类进行了采样，发现了15种毛滴虫的新世系，使这种寄生虫属的已知多样性增加了一倍以上，并为频繁的宿主转换提供了证据，这些宿主最终导致了这种变化对人类的阴道锥虫。我们显示，滴虫有完整的起源，可能经历了中新世扩张到大洋洲。我们的滴虫按时间顺序排列的拓扑结构是根据宿主表型性状的进化而定的，该宿主表型性状与枯草杆菌果蝇中最基本的现存的毛滴虫谱系的生态诱捕有关。