Athletes should pay more attention to their bone health, whether this relates to their longer-term bone health (e.g. risk of osteopenia and osteoporosis) or their shorter-term risk of bony injuries. Perhaps the easiest way to do this would be to modify their training loads, although this advice rarely seems popular with coaches and athletes for obvious reasons. As such, other possibilities to support the athletes' bone health need to be explored. Given that bone is a nutritionally modified tissue and diet has a significant influence on bone health across the lifespan, diet and nutritional composition seem like obvious candidates for manipulation. The nutritional requirements to support the skeleton during growth and development and during ageing are unlikely to be notably different between athletes and the general population, although there are some considerations of specific relevance, including energy availability, low carbohydrate availability, protein intake, vitamin D intake and dermal calcium and sodium losses. Energy availability is important for optimising bone health in the athlete, although normative energy balance targets are highly unrealistic for many athletes. The level of energy availability beyond which there is no negative effect for the bone needs to be established. On the balance of the available evidence it would seem unlikely that higher animal protein intakes, in the amounts recommended to athletes, are harmful to bone health, particularly with adequate calcium intake. Dermal calcium losses might be an important consideration for endurance athletes, particularly during long training sessions or events. In these situations, some consideration should be given to pre-exercise calcium feeding. The avoidance of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency is important for the athlete to protect their bone health. There remains a lack of information relating to the longer-term effects of different dietary and nutritional practices on bone health in athletes, something that needs to be addressed before specific guidance can be provided.

中文翻译：

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营养与运动员骨骼健康。

运动员应该更加注意自己的骨骼健康，无论这与他们的长期骨骼健康（例如骨质疏松症和骨质疏松症的风险）还是短期的骨伤风险有关。也许最简单的方法是修改他们的训练负荷，尽管出于明显的原因，这种建议似乎很少受到教练和运动员的欢迎。因此，需要探索其他支持运动员骨骼健康的可能性。考虑到骨骼是一种经过营养改良的组织，饮食对整个生命周期的骨骼健康都有重要影响，饮食和营养成分似乎很容易被人操纵。运动员与普通人群之间在骨骼生长发育和衰老过程中对骨骼的营养需求不太可能有显着差异，尽管需要考虑一些具体的相关性，包括能量可用性，低碳水化合物可用性，蛋白质摄入，维生素D摄入以及皮肤钙和钠的流失。能量的可用性对于优化运动员的骨骼健康很重要，尽管规范的能量平衡目标对于许多运动员来说是非常不现实的。需要确定能量可用性的水平，在此水平之上对骨骼没有负面影响。从现有证据的平衡来看，较高的动物蛋白摄入量（建议给运动员的摄入量）似乎不太可能对骨骼健康有害，尤其是钙摄入量充足时。对于耐力运动员来说，皮肤钙的损失可能是一个重要的考虑因素，尤其是在长时间的训练或比赛中。在这些情况下，锻炼前应考虑一些补钙。避免维生素D缺乏和不足对运动员保护骨骼健康很重要。缺乏有关不同饮食和营养习惯对运动员骨骼健康的长期影响的信息，在提供具体指导之前需要解决这些问题。