The potential of nanotechnology has been explored throughout fields of medicine and found its application also in immunology. Given the crucial defence role and disseminated character of the immune system, the idea of using its strength in treatment has always been very attractive. Immunomodulation is an optimisation of the immune response both in terms of immunosuppression in autoimmune disorders and immunostimulation in vaccination or cancer immunotherapy. For these purposes, a wide range of nanomaterials has been investigated to influence the immune system directly by their composition itself or indirectly as intact carriers of the active. This review attempts to refer to nanomaterials and drug delivery systems utilised to modulate the immune response. It lists various structural types of nanoparticles discussing their composition and interplay with the immune system. Throughout the literature, both novel and traditional nanoparticles were utilised. The most progressive ones extend beyond the delivery of a single substance moving towards combined drug delivery systems and stimuli-responsive formulations.

中文翻译：

---

用于直接和间接免疫调节的纳米材料：应用综述。

纳米技术的潜力已经在整个医学领域中得到了探索，并发现了其在免疫学中的应用。考虑到免疫系统的关键防御作用和传播特性，利用其强度进行治疗的想法一直很有吸引力。就自身免疫性疾病的免疫抑制和疫苗接种或癌症免疫疗法中的免疫刺激而言，免疫调节都是对免疫反应的优化。为了这些目的，已经研究了范围广泛的纳米材料以通过其组成本身直接或间接作为活性物质的完整载体间接影响免疫系统。这篇综述试图提及用于调节免疫反应的纳米材料和药物递送系统。它列出了各种结构类型的纳米颗粒，讨论了它们的组成以及与免疫系统的相互作用。在整个文献中，都使用了新颖的和传统的纳米颗粒。最先进的药物已经超出了单一物质的输送，而转向了组合药物输送系统和刺激反应性制剂。