Discovery of the satiety hormone leptin in 1994 and its characterization in mammals provided a key tool to deciphering the complex mechanism governing adipose tissue regulation of appetite and energy expenditure. Surprisingly, despite the perfectly logical notion of an energy-storing tissue announcing the amount of fat stores using leptin signaling, alternate mechanisms were chosen in bird evolution. This conclusion emerged based on the recent discovery and characterization of genuine avian leptin - after it had been assumed missing by some, and erroneously identified by others. Critical evaluation of the past and present indications of the role of leptin in Aves provides a new perspective on the evolution of energy-balance control in vertebrates; proposing a regulation strategy alternative to the adipostat mechanism.

中文翻译：

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禽瘦素：脊椎动物能量平衡控制进化的鸟瞰图

1994 年发现的饱腹感激素瘦素及其在哺乳动物中的表征为破译控制食欲和能量消耗的脂肪组织调节的复杂机制提供了关键工具。令人惊讶的是，尽管能量储存组织使用瘦素信号传递脂肪储存量的完美逻辑概念，但在鸟类进化中选择了替代机制。这一结论是基于最近发现和表征真正的禽类瘦素——在它被一些人认为是缺失的，而另一些人错误地识别出来之后。对瘦素在 Aves 中作用的过去和现在迹象的批判性评估为脊椎动物能量平衡控制的进化提供了新的视角；提出替代adipostat机制的监管策略。