mRNA vaccine platforms present numerous advantages, such as versatility, rapid production, and induction of cellular and humoral responses. Moreover, mRNAs have inherent adjuvant properties due to their complex interaction with pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). This recognition can be either beneficial in activating antigen-presenting cells (APCs) or detrimental by indirectly blocking mRNA translation. To decipher this Janus effect, we describe the different innate response mechanisms triggered by mRNA molecules and how each element from the 5' cap to the poly-A tail interferes with innate/adaptive immune responses. Then, we emphasize the importance of some critical steps such as production, purification, and formulation as key events to further improve the quality of immune responses and balance innate and adaptive immunity.

中文翻译：

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量身定制mRNA疫苗以平衡先天/适应性免疫反应。

mRNA疫苗平台具有许多优势，例如多功能性，快速生产以及诱导细胞和体液反应。此外，由于mRNA与模式识别受体（PRR）的复杂相互作用，它们具有固有的佐剂特性。这种识别可能对激活抗原呈递细胞（APC）有益，也可能通过间接阻断mRNA翻译而有害。为了解释这种Janus效应，我们描述了由mRNA分子触发的不同的先天应答机制，以及从5'帽到poly-A尾巴的每个元素如何干扰先天/适应性免疫应答。然后，我们强调一些关键步骤（例如生产，纯化和配制）作为关键事件的重要性，以进一步提高免疫反应的质量并平衡先天和适应性免疫。