Over the Earth's terrestrial surface, wildlife species are adversely affected by an increasing number of anthropogenic impacts to the landscape, collectively termed the “human footprint”. However, there is limited understanding of how the human footprint influences cause‐specific mortality in wildlife. We conducted a synthesis of cause‐specific mortality of North American terrestrial mammals, compiling 247 studies that as a group determined the cause of death of 6607 adult mammals among 19,910 individuals monitored. Species lifespan as well as the interaction between lifespan and the human footprint were positively associated with the proportion of mortality attributed to anthropogenic sources. Our results indicate that anthropogenic mortality in mammals increases with increasing human‐associated impacts on the landscape, and that longer‐lived species are affected more than their shorter‐lived counterparts. This pattern likely accounts for the extirpation of longer‐lived, larger‐bodied mammals from many human‐dominated areas. We also found that as the human footprint increased in magnitude, harvest mortality declined while vehicle mortality increased. These shifts in mortality can have substantial implications for understanding wildlife population dynamics and managing wildlife populations across landscapes impacted by anthropogenic activities.

中文翻译：

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哺乳动物的人为死亡率随着人类足迹的增加而增加

在地球的地面上，野生生物物种受到越来越多的人为影响而受到不利影响，这些影响被统称为“人类足迹”。但是，对于人类足迹如何影响野生动植物因特定原因造成的死亡的认识有限。我们对北美陆生哺乳动物的特定原因死亡率进行了综合分析，汇编了247项研究，作为一组研究对象，确定了受监测的19,910名个体中6607头成年哺乳动物的死亡原因。物种的寿命以及寿命和人类足迹之间的相互作用与人为来源造成的死亡比例呈正相关。我们的结果表明，随着人类对景观的影响增加，哺乳动物的人为死亡率也随之增加，而且寿命更长的物种比寿命短的物种受到的影响更大。这种模式可能解释了许多人为主导地区的寿命更长，身体更大的哺乳动物的灭绝。我们还发现，随着人类足迹的增加，收割死亡率下降，而车辆死亡率上升。死亡率的这些变化对于理解野生动植物种群动态以及管理受人为活动影响的景观中的野生动植物种群具有重大意义。