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Marine top predators as climate and ecosystem sentinels
Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment ( IF 10.3 ) Pub Date : 2019-11-04 , DOI: 10.1002/fee.2125
Elliott L Hazen 1, 2 , Briana Abrahms 1 , Stephanie Brodie 1, 2 , Gemma Carroll 1, 2 , Michael G Jacox 1, 2, 3 , Matthew S Savoca 1, 4 , Kylie L Scales 5 , William J Sydeman 6 , Steven J Bograd 1, 2
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I an era of unprecedented environmental change, developing a suite of tools for ecosystem monitoring is critical. This need is particularly urgent in marine ecosystems, given the rapid, climatedriven changes in marine populations and communities (Poloczanska et al. 2013). Comprehensive monitoring in marine ecosystems presents a challenge due to difficulties inherent in observing the highly dynamic ocean environment at relevant timescales. Traditional shipbased surveys are expensive, autonomous floats and underwater vehicles are still sparsely distributed, and remote sensing fails to capture threedimensional ocean structure. Furthermore, ecological monitoring in the open ocean is largely extractive and often involves lethal sampling of animal communities. In the undersampled marine realm, innovative and costeffective tools that can rapidly assess ecosystem responses to environmental change are vital. “Sentinel” species have been proposed as a means to provide information about unobserved components of the ecosystem (Zacharias and Roff 2001). Classic examples of sentinels include a domesticated variety of the canary (Serinus canaria), which was formerly used to monitor air quality in coal mines, and invertebrates, whose diversity has been used as an indicator of aquatic ecosystem health (Wilhm and Dorris 1968; Barry 2013). More recent studies show that vertebrate species can serve as sentinels of human health and environmental pollution (Bossart 2006; Smits and Fernie 2013), as well as coupled climate–ecosystem processes (Moore 2008). Useful sentinel species should integrate broader processes into rapidly interpretable metrics that reflect underlying ecosystem processes. Marine top predators (including certain species of predatory fish, seabirds, sea turtles, and marine mammals) have been proposed as ecosystem sentinels based on their conspicuous nature and capacity to indicate or respond to changes in ecosystem structure and function that would otherwise be difficult to observe directly (Figure 1; Bossart 2006; Boersma 2008; Moore 2008). Many marine top predators possess key characteristics of sentinel species, including (1) exhibiting clear responses to environmental variability or change (Sydeman et al. 2015; Fleming et al. 2016), (2) playing important roles in shaping marine food webs (Estes et al. 2016), and (3) indicating anthropogenic impacts on ecosystems (Sergio et al. 2008). Given these characteristics, there is a strong argument for using marine predators as ecosystem sentinels. Despite the contemporary use of marine predators as sentinels (relevant examples are listed in WebTable 1), the absence of a standardized framework for identifying sentinel Marine top predators as climate and ecosystem sentinels

中文翻译:

作为气候和生态系统哨兵的海洋顶级捕食者

在一个前所未有的环境变化的时代,开发一套生态系统监测工具至关重要。鉴于海洋种群和群落的快速、气候驱动变化,这种需求在海洋生态系统中尤为紧迫(Poloczanska 等人,2013 年)。由于在相关时间尺度上观测高度动态的海洋环境所固有的困难,对海洋生态系统的综合监测提出了挑战。传统的船基勘测成本高昂,自主浮标和水下航行器仍然稀疏分布,遥感无法捕捉三维海洋结构。此外,公海的生态监测主要是提取性的,通常涉及对动物群落进行致命采样。在采样不足的海洋领域,能够快速评估生态系统对环境变化的反应的创新和具有成本效益的工具至关重要。“哨兵”物种已被提议作为提供有关生态系统未观察到的组成部分的信息的一种手段(Zacharias 和 Roff 2001)。哨兵的经典例子包括驯化品种的金丝雀(Serinus canaria),以前用于监测煤矿的空气质量,以及无脊椎动物,其多样性已被用作水生生态系统健康的指标(Wilhm 和 Dorris 1968;Barry 2013)。最近的研究表明,脊椎动物物种可以作为人类健康和环境污染的哨兵(Bossart 2006;Smits 和 Fernie 2013),以及耦合的气候 - 生态系统过程(Moore 2008)。有用的哨兵物种应将更广泛的过程整合到反映潜在生态系统过程的可快速解释的指标中。海洋顶级捕食者(包括某些种类的掠食性鱼类、海鸟、海龟和海洋哺乳动物)被提议作为生态系统哨兵,因为它们具有显着的性质和指示或响应生态系统结构和功能变化的能力,否则很难直接观察(图 1;Bossart 2006;Boersma 2008;Moore 2008)。许多海洋顶级捕食者具有哨兵物种的关键特征,包括 (1) 对环境变异或变化表现出明确的反应 (Sydeman et al. 2015; Fleming et al. 2016),(2) 在塑造海洋食物网中发挥重要作用 (Estes et al. 2016),和 (3) 表明人为对生态系统的影响(Sergio et al. 2008)。鉴于这些特征,使用海洋捕食者作为生态系统哨兵是一个强有力的论据。尽管当代使用海洋捕食者作为哨兵(相关示例列在 WebTable 1 中),但缺乏将海洋顶级捕食者哨兵识别为气候和生态系统哨兵的标准化框架
更新日期:2019-11-04
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