Pesticides used in seed coatings can influence seed consumption by birds and, therefore, actual exposure risk for them. A quantification of such effects on consumption is currently not regarded as a refinement factor in environmental risk assessments, although it is a possible option and should be considered, for example, for comparing exposure risk of different pesticides. It can highlight avoidance behavior, preventing birds from taking up lethal or sublethal pesticide doses. To formulate a standard, we developed an indoor test procedure based on established pen test methods, including 2- and no-choice phases with hunger periods. During testing, the highest standards of animal welfare were applied. Statistical approaches were used to determine the most appropriate number of replicates and for analysis. The effect on consumption of seeds is expressed as the ratio of consumed treated to untreated seeds. This consumption factor can be applied in avian risk assessments for seed treatments equivalent to an avoidance factor. We present, as an example, an application of the procedure to obtain a seed- and species-specific consumption factor for oilseed rape seeds (Brassica napus) provided untreated and treated with fungicides to greenfinches (Carduelis chloris) and Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). Overall, bird constitution was not negatively affected by the test procedure in either species. The test procedure was suitable for showing differences in expected consumption patterns, such as greater avoidance of treated seeds in 2-choice than in no-choice tests. However, the consumption differed between species and fungicide treatments, allowing us to rank avoidance effects of different fungicides. Using the presented standard procedure to generate comparable pesticide- and species-specific consumption factors for more species and seed treatments may result in refinement of default values and reduce animal trials in different designs in the future. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:359-370. © 2019 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC.

中文翻译：

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拟议的室内测试程序，以量化农药处理对鸟类种子消费的影响。

种衣剂中使用的农药会影响鸟类的种子消费，因此会影响它们的实际暴露风险。尽管这是一种可能的选择，但在环境风险评估中，这种对消费的影响的量化目前尚不被认为是一个完善的因素，例如，在比较不同农药的暴露风险时应予以考虑。它可以突出避免行为，防止家禽服用致死或半致死的农药剂量。为了制定标准，我们根据既定的笔测试方法开发了室内测试程序，包括带有饥饿期的2和无选择阶段。在测试过程中，采用了最高的动物福利标准。统计方法用于确定最合适的重复次数并进行分析。对种子消耗的影响表示为处理后的种子与未处理的种子的比率。可以将这种消耗因子应用于与避免因子相当的种子处理的禽类风险评估中。作为示例，我们介绍了该程序的应用，该程序获得了未经处理和未用杀真菌剂处理的油菜（Carduelis chloris）和日本鹌鹑（Coturnix japonica）的油料油菜种子（油菜）的种子和物种特定的食用因子。 。总体而言，这两种物种的测试程序都不会对鸟类的体质产生负面影响。该测试程序适合于显示预期的消费方式的差异，例如与无选择测试相比，在2选择中更好地避免了处理后的种子。但是，物种和杀菌剂处理之间的消费量有所不同，使我们能够对不同杀菌剂的规避效果进行排名。使用提出的标准程序为更多种类和种子处理生成可比较的农药和物种特定消耗因子，可能会改善默认值并减少将来在不同设计中进行的动物试验。Environ Toxicol Chem 2020； 39：359-370。©2019作者。Wiley Periodicals，Inc.代表SETAC出版的《环境毒理学和化学》。