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CytoNorm: A Normalization Algorithm for Cytometry Data.
Cytometry Part A ( IF 3.7 ) Pub Date : 2019-10-21 , DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23904
Sofie Van Gassen 1, 2 , Brice Gaudilliere 3 , Martin S Angst 3 , Yvan Saeys 1, 2 , Nima Aghaeepour 3, 4
Affiliation  

High-dimensional flow cytometry has matured to a level that enables deep phenotyping of cellular systems at a clinical scale. The resulting high-content data sets allow characterizing the human immune system at unprecedented single cell resolution. However, the results are highly dependent on sample preparation and measurements might drift over time. While various controls exist for assessment and improvement of data quality in a single sample, the challenges of cross-sample normalization attempts have been limited to aligning marker distributions across subjects. These approaches, inspired by bulk genomics and proteomics assays, ignore the single-cell nature of the data and risk the removal of biologically relevant signals. This work proposes CytoNorm, a normalization algorithm to ensure internal consistency between clinical samples based on shared controls across various study batches. Data from the shared controls is used to learn the appropriate transformations for each batch (e.g., each analysis day). Importantly, some sources of technical variation are strongly influenced by the amount of protein expressed on specific cell types, requiring several population-specific transformations to normalize cells from a heterogeneous sample. To address this, our approach first identifies the overall cellular distribution using a clustering step, and calculates subset-specific transformations on the control samples by computing their quantile distributions and aligning them with splines. These transformations are then applied to all other clinical samples in the batch to remove the batch-specific variations. We evaluated the algorithm on a customized data set with two shared controls across batches. One control sample was used for calculation of the normalization transformations and the second control was used as a blinded test set and evaluated with Earth Mover's distance. Additional results are provided using two real-world clinical data sets. Overall, our method compared favorably to standard normalization procedures. The algorithm is implemented in the R package "CytoNorm" and available via the following link: www.github.com/saeyslab/CytoNorm © 2019 The Authors. Cytometry Part A published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.

中文翻译:

CytoNorm:细胞计数数据的归一化算法。

高维流式细胞术已经成熟到可以在临床规模上对细胞系统进行深度表型分析的水平。由此产生的高内涵数据集允许以前所未有的单细胞分辨率表征人类免疫系统。但是,结果高度依赖于样品制备,并且测量结果可能会随时间漂移。虽然存在用于评估和改进单个样本中数据质量的各种控制,但跨样本归一化尝试的挑战仅限于对齐跨受试者的标记分布。这些方法受到大量基因组学和蛋白质组学分析的启发,忽略了数据的单细胞性质,并冒着去除生物学相关信号的风险。这项工作提出了 CytoNorm,一种标准化算法,以确保基于不同研究批次之间共享控制的临床样本之间的内部一致性。来自共享对照的数据用于学习每个批次(例如,每个分析日)的适当转换。重要的是,某些技术变异的来源受到特定细胞类型上表达的蛋白质数量的强烈影响,需要进行几次特定群体的转化才能使来自异质样本的细胞正常化。为了解决这个问题,我们的方法首先使用聚类步骤识别整体细胞分布,并通过计算控制样本的分位数分布并将它们与样条对齐来计算特定于子集的变换。然后将这些转换应用于批次中的所有其他临床样本,以消除批次特定的变化。我们在自定义数据集上评估了算法,该数据集具有跨批次的两个共享控件。一个对照样本用于计算归一化转换,第二个对照用作盲测集,并使用 Earth Mover 的距离进行评估。使用两个真实世界的临床数据集提供了额外的结果。总体而言,我们的方法与标准标准化程序相比具有优势。该算法在 R 包“CytoNorm”中实现,可通过以下链接获得:www.github.com/saeyslab/CytoNorm © 2019 作者。Cytometry Part A 由 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 代表 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry 出版。我们在自定义数据集上评估了算法,该数据集具有跨批次的两个共享控件。一个对照样本用于计算归一化转换,第二个对照用作盲测集,并使用 Earth Mover 的距离进行评估。使用两个真实世界的临床数据集提供了额外的结果。总体而言,我们的方法与标准标准化程序相比具有优势。该算法在 R 包“CytoNorm”中实现,可通过以下链接获得:www.github.com/saeyslab/CytoNorm © 2019 作者。Cytometry Part A 由 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 代表 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry 出版。我们在自定义数据集上评估了算法,该数据集具有跨批次的两个共享控件。一个对照样本用于计算归一化转换,第二个对照用作盲测集,并使用 Earth Mover 的距离进行评估。使用两个真实世界的临床数据集提供了额外的结果。总体而言,我们的方法与标准标准化程序相比具有优势。该算法在 R 包“CytoNorm”中实现,可通过以下链接获得:www.github.com/saeyslab/CytoNorm © 2019 作者。Cytometry Part A 由 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 代表 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry 出版。一个对照样本用于计算归一化转换,第二个对照用作盲测集,并使用 Earth Mover 的距离进行评估。使用两个真实世界的临床数据集提供了额外的结果。总体而言,我们的方法与标准标准化程序相比具有优势。该算法在 R 包“CytoNorm”中实现,可通过以下链接获得:www.github.com/saeyslab/CytoNorm © 2019 作者。Cytometry Part A 由 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 代表 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry 出版。一个对照样本用于计算归一化转换,第二个对照用作盲测集,并使用 Earth Mover 的距离进行评估。使用两个真实世界的临床数据集提供了额外的结果。总体而言,我们的方法与标准标准化程序相比具有优势。该算法在 R 包“CytoNorm”中实现,可通过以下链接获得:www.github.com/saeyslab/CytoNorm © 2019 作者。Cytometry Part A 由 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 代表 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry 出版。该算法在 R 包“CytoNorm”中实现,可通过以下链接获得:www.github.com/saeyslab/CytoNorm © 2019 作者。Cytometry Part A 由 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 代表 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry 出版。该算法在 R 包“CytoNorm”中实现,可通过以下链接获得:www.github.com/saeyslab/CytoNorm © 2019 作者。Cytometry Part A 由 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 代表 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry 出版。
更新日期:2020-03-09
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