Abstract A fully compressible two-phase flow model consisting of four balance equations including two mass, one momentum, and one internal energy equation, formulated with the mechanical and thermal equilibrium assumptions is developed in this article. This model is closed with a real fluid equation of state (EoS) and has been applied to the simulation of different 1D academic cases, in addition to the 3D Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) of the Engine Combustion Network (ECN) Spray A injector including the needle to target part with and without the phase change (i.e. frozen) assumptions. The obtained numerical results from the model with phase change have proven to be able to accurately predict the liquid, vapor penetrations and rate of injection compared to experimental data. However, the frozen model has presented some uncertainties and deviations in predicting the penetration length as with different measure criterions, even though an excellent agreement can be achieved in the estimation of rate of injection, near-nozzle mass and velocity distribution. Several conclusions are drawn from the simulations: (1) the initial in-nozzle flow has a strong effect on the early jet development; (2) considering phase change is still essential in the high temperature, high pressure (HTHP) injection modeling since it strongly affects the temperature distribution, turbulence intensity and thereby the jet development; (3) significant variations of liquid compressibility factor and density, as well as the cooling effect through the nozzle are highlighted. Overall, the detailed analysis of the numerical results reported in this article may complement the Engine Combustion Network (ECN) experimental database.

中文翻译：

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使用完全可压缩的两相流方法对 ECN Spray A 喷射器进行真实流体喷射建模和 LES 模拟

摘要 本文建立了一个完全可压缩的两相流模型，该模型由四个平衡方程组成，包括两个质量方程、一个动量方程和一个内能方程，并在机械和热平衡假设下建立。除了发动机燃烧网络 (ECN) 喷油器喷油器的 3D 大涡模拟 (LES) 之外，该模型还使用真实流体状态方程 (EoS) 封闭，并已应用于不同一维学术案例的模拟包括针到目标部分有和没有相变（即冻结）假设。与实验数据相比，从具有相变的模型中获得的数值结果已被证明能够准确预测液体、蒸汽渗透和注入速率。然而，尽管在估计喷射率、近喷嘴质量和速度分布方面可以达到极好的一致性，但冻结模型在预测穿透长度时存在一些不确定性和偏差，因为不同的测量标准。从模拟中得出几个结论：（1）初始喷嘴内流动对早期射流发展有很强的影响；(2) 在高温高压 (HTHP) 喷射建模中考虑相变仍然是必不可少的，因为它强烈影响温度分布、湍流强度，从而影响射流的发展；(3) 液体压缩系数和密度的显着变化，以及通过喷嘴的冷却效果被突出显示。全面的，