Exosomes are cup-shaped structures, made of two lipid layers. Their size is in the range of 30-150 nm. Exosomes are excreted to the extracellular space and function in local and systemic cellular communication. Based on their primary origins, they can contain substantial amounts of RNA, protein, and miRNA; the horizontal transfer of these contents significantly determines the exosome's biological effects. The endosomal origins of exosomes can be deduced based on their surface protein markers. The use of exosomes as a diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic tool, has numerous advantages because they do not pose risks such as aneuploidy and transplant rejection. This - overview highlights the recent findings in exosome development and current knowledge in exosome-based therapies.

中文翻译：

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对生物功能的最新知识和外泌体的潜在疗法应用的概述。

外泌体是杯状结构，由两个脂质层组成。它们的尺寸在30-150nm的范围内。外泌体被排泄到细胞外空间，并在局部和全身性细胞通讯中发挥作用。基于它们的主要来源，它们可以包含大量的RNA，蛋白质和miRNA。这些内容物的水平转移显着决定了外泌体的生物学作用。外泌体的内体起源可根据其表面蛋白标记推论得出。使用外泌体作为诊断生物标志物和治疗工具具有许多优势，因为它们不会带来非整倍性和移植排斥等风险。本概述重点介绍了外泌体发展的最新发现以及基于外泌体的疗法的当前知识。