BACKGROUND AND AIMS Although European-wide data on the new psychoactive substances (NPS) drug market are available, country-specific data are limited. We studied recent NPS trend data relative to all recreational drugs on the Dutch drug market. DESIGN National observational study. SETTING The Netherlands. DATA SOURCES Three national indicators were used between 2013 and 2017: 1) forensic drug samples offered to the Netherlands Forensic Institute (NFI); 2) drug samples submitted by consumers to the Drugs Information and Monitoring System (DIMS); and 3) exposures in which the Dutch Poisons Information Center (DPIC) was consulted. MEASUREMENTS Overall NPS incidence rate was the primary outcome. Numbers and specific categories of NPS were also studied. Changes in NPS incidence rates over time were analyzed using Poisson regression analyses (year effect expressed as Incidence Rate Ratios [IRR]). FINDINGS From 2013-2017, NPS were involved in 1,892 forensic samples, 6,316 consumer samples, and 481 poisons center exposures. In 2013, NPS incidence rates were 2.5%, 7%, and 4% versus 3%, 11% and 11% in 2017, respectively in the NFI, DIMS and DPIC samples/exposures. NPS incidence rates increased significantly in consumer samples between 2013-2016 (IRR=1.23; 95% CI [1.18,1.29]) and in poisons center exposures between 2013-2017 (IRR=1.19; 95% CI [1.06,1.35]), while the trend in forensic samples appeared more stable. Phenethylamines were the largest class and were detected in 58%, 80% and 63% of NFI, DIMS and DPIC samples/exposures, respectively. Detected phenethylamines mainly involved 4-fluoroamphetamine and 2C-x derivatives. The second largest class were cathinones, which were detected in 21%, 11% and 16% of NFI, DIMS and DPIC samples/exposures, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Analysis of forensic drug samples, consumer drug samples and exposures reported to poison centers from 2013 to 2017 shows the constant presence of new psychoactive substances (NPS) on the Dutch drug market and its use by the Dutch population. The two largest classes present in the Netherlands were phenethylamines and cathinones.

中文翻译：

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荷兰的新型精神活性物质 (NPS)：2013 年至 2017 年间法医药物样品、消费药物样品和毒物中心暴露的发生情况

背景和目标 尽管可以获得有关新型精神活性物质 (NPS) 药物市场的全欧洲数据，但特定国家/地区的数据有限。我们研究了与荷兰毒品市场上所有消遣性毒品相关的近期 NPS 趋势数据。设计 国家观察性研究。设置荷兰。数据来源 2013 年至 2017 年期间使用了三个国家指标：1) 提供给荷兰法医研究所 (NFI) 的法医药物样本；2）消费者提交给药品信息与监测系统（DIMS）的药品样品；3) 咨询荷兰毒物信息中心 (DPIC) 的暴露情况。测量 总体 NPS 发生率是主要结果。还研究了 NPS 的数量和具体类别。使用泊松回归分析（年份效应表示为发生率比率 [IRR]）分析了 NPS 发病率随时间的变化。结果 从 2013 年到 2017 年，NPS 涉及 1,892 个法医样本、6,316 个消费者样本和 481 个毒物中心暴露。2013 年，NFI、DIMS 和 DPIC 样本/暴露的 NPS 发生率分别为 2.5%、7% 和 4%，而 2017 年分别为 3%、11% 和 11%。2013-2016 年消费者样本（IRR=1.23；95% CI [1.18,1.29]）和 2013-2017 年毒物中心暴露的 NPS 发生率显着增加（IRR=1.19；95% CI [1.06,1.35]），而法医样本的趋势似乎更加稳定。苯乙胺是最大的一类，分别在 58%、80% 和 63% 的 NFI、DIMS 和 DPIC 样品/暴露中检测到。检测到的苯乙胺主要涉及4-氟苯丙胺和2C-x衍生物。第二大类是卡西酮，分别在 21%、11% 和 16% 的 NFI、DIMS 和 DPIC 样本/暴露中检测到。结论 对 2013 年至 2017 年向毒物中心报告的法医药物样品、消费药物样品和暴露情况的分析表明，荷兰药物市场上不断存在新的精神活性物质 (NPS) 及其被荷兰人口使用。荷兰最大的两类是苯乙胺和卡西酮。2013 年至 2017 年向毒物中心报告的消费者药物样本和暴露情况表明，荷兰毒品市场上不断存在新的精神活性物质 (NPS) 及其被荷兰人口使用。荷兰最大的两类是苯乙胺和卡西酮。2013 年至 2017 年向毒物中心报告的消费者药物样本和暴露情况表明，荷兰毒品市场上不断存在新的精神活性物质 (NPS) 及其被荷兰人口使用。荷兰最大的两类是苯乙胺和卡西酮。