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Rumble in the Effector Jungle: Candidate Effector Proteins in Interactions of Plants with Powdery Mildew and Rust Fungi
Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences ( IF 6.9 ) Pub Date : 2019-07-04 , DOI: 10.1080/07352689.2019.1653514
Mirna Barsoum 1 , Björn Sabelleck 1 , Pietro D. Spanu 2 , Ralph Panstruga 1
Affiliation  

Abstract Rust and powdery mildew fungi are widespread obligate biotrophic phytopathogens. They colonize a broad range monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous host plant species and in the case of crop plants can cause severe yield losses. While powdery mildews (Ascomycota) grow mainly epiphytically and infect the host epidermis, rust fungi (Basidiomycota) typically enter host tissues through stomata and spread within the intercellular spaces. Both fungal taxa have unusually large genomes that are rich in repetitive elements (mostly derived from retrotransposons) and experienced a convergent loss of genes usually present in free-living fungi compared to their respective relatives. Genomes of rust and powdery mildew fungi encode many candidates for secreted effector proteins thought to aid the suppression of defense and cell death or to mediate nutrient acquisition. Although the precise biochemical activity of most effector proteins remains obscure, candidate host targets have been identified for several of them. In addition, some effectors are perceived by matching plant immune receptors and thus serve as avirulence determinants in plant-fungus interactions. This review article summarizes the current knowledge of rust and powdery mildew effector proteins and raises and discusses urgent questions regarding future research. Abbreviations: AVR: avirulence protein; BiFC: bimolecular fluorescence complementation; CSEP: candidate secreted effector protein; ETI: effector-triggered immunity; f. sp.: forma specialis; ff. spp.: formae speciales; MS: mass spectrometry; RIP: repeat-induced point mutation; R protein: resistance protein; sRNA: small RNA; TE: transposable element; Y2H: yeast-2-hybrid.

中文翻译:

效应丛林中的隆隆声:植物与白粉病和锈菌相互作用中的候选效应蛋白

摘要 锈病和白粉病真菌是广泛存在的专性生物营养植物病原体。它们定殖于范围广泛的单子叶和双子叶宿主植物物种,并且在作物植物的情况下会导致严重的产量损失。白粉病 (Ascomycota) 主要通过附生植物生长并感染宿主表皮,而锈菌 (Basidiomycota) 通常通过气孔进入宿主组织并在细胞间隙内传播。两种真菌类群都具有异常大的基因组,这些基因组富含重复元件(主要来自逆转录转座子),并且与它们各自的亲戚相比,通常存在于自由生活真菌中的基因发生了趋同性丢失。锈病和白粉病真菌的基因组编码了许多被认为有助于抑制防御和细胞死亡或介导营养获取的分泌效应蛋白的候选物。尽管大多数效应蛋白的精确生化活性仍然不清楚,但已经确定了其中一些的候选宿主目标。此外,一些效应子通过匹配植物免疫受体而被感知,从而在植物-真菌相互作用中充当无毒决定因素。这篇综述文章总结了锈病和白粉病效应蛋白的当前知识,并提出和讨论了有关未来研究的紧迫问题。缩写:AVR:无毒蛋白;BiFC:双分子荧光互补;CSEP:候选分泌效应蛋白;ETI:效应触发免疫;F。sp.: 专业形式; ff。品种:专卖店;MS:质谱;RIP:重复诱导点突变;R蛋白:抗性蛋白;sRNA:小RNA;TE:转座元件;Y2H:酵母-2-杂种。
更新日期:2019-07-04
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