Sanitation research focuses primarily on containing human waste and preventing disease; thus, it has traditionally been dominated by the fields of environmental engineering and public health. Over the past 20 years, however, the field has grown broader in scope and deeper in complexity, spanning diverse disciplinary perspectives. In this article, we review the current literature in the range of disciplines engaged with sanitation research in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). We find that perspectives on what sanitation is, and what sanitation policy should prioritize, vary widely. We show how these diverse perspectives augment the conventional sanitation service chain, a framework describing the flow of waste from capture to disposal. We review how these perspectives can inform progress toward equitable sanitation for all [i.e., Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6]. Our key message is that both material and nonmaterial flows-and both technological and social functions-make up a sanitation "system." The components of the sanitation service chain are embedded within the flows of finance, decision making, and labor that make material flows of waste possible. The functions of capture, storage, transport, treatment, reuse, and disposal are interlinked with those of ensuring equity and affordability. We find that a multilayered understanding of sanitation, with contributions from multiple disciplines, is necessary to facilitate inclusive and robust research toward the goal of sanitation for all.

中文翻译：

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低收入地区的卫生设施：跨学科审查

卫生研究主要集中于控制人类排泄物和预防疾病；因此，传统上它一直以环境工程和公共卫生领域为主。然而，在过去的 20 年里，该领域的范围变得越来越广，复杂性也越来越深，涵盖了不同的学科视角。在本文中，我们回顾了中低收入国家（LMIC）从事卫生研究的学科范围内的当前文献。我们发现，对于什么是卫生设施以及卫生政策应优先考虑什么，人们的看法差异很大。我们展示了这些不同的观点如何增强传统的卫生服务链，这是一个描述废物从捕获到处置的流程的框架。我们回顾了这些观点如何为所有人提供公平的卫生设施提供信息[即可持续发展目标 (SDG) 6]。我们的关键信息是物质和非物质流动以及技术和社会功能共同构成了卫生“系统”。卫生服务链的组成部分嵌入到金融、决策和劳动力流中，从而使废物的物质流动成为可能。捕获、储存、运输、处理、再利用和处置的功能与确保公平和可负担性的功能相互关联。我们发现，在多学科的贡献下，对卫生设施的多层次理解对于促进包容性和稳健的研究以实现人人享有卫生设施的目标是必要的。