Paper-based sensors offer an affordable yet powerful platform for field and point-of-care (POC) testing due to their self-pumping ability and utility for many different analytical measurements. When combined with electrochemical detection using small and portable electronics, sensitivity and selectivity of the paper devices can be improved over naked eye detection without sacrificing portability. Herein, we review how the field of electrochemical paper-based analytical devices (ePADs) has grown since it was introduced a decade ago. We start by reviewing fabrication methods relevant to ePADs with more focus given to the electrode fabrication, which is fundamental for electrochemical sensing. Multiple sensing approaches applicable to ePADs are then discussed and evaluated to present applicability, advantages and challenges associated with each approach. Recent applications of ePADs in the fields of clinical diagnostics, environmental testing, and food analysis are also presented. Finally, we discuss how the current ePAD technologies have progressed to meet the analytical and practical specifications required for field and/or POC applications, as well as challenges and outlook.

中文翻译：

---

电化学纸基设备：感测方法和向实际应用的进展。

纸质传感器由于具有自动抽水能力和可用于许多不同分析测量的实用性，因此为现场和现场护理（POC）测试提供了价格合理但功能强大的平台。当与使用小型便携式电子设备的电化学检测相结合时，可以在不牺牲便携性的情况下，与肉眼检测相比提高纸质设备的灵敏度和选择性。本文中，我们回顾了自十年前推出以来，基于纸张的电化学纸分析设备（ePAD）领域的发展情况。我们首先回顾与ePAD相关的制造方法，重点放在电极制造上，这是电化学传感的基础。然后讨论并评估了适用于ePAD的多种传感方法，以提供适用性，与每种方法相关的优势和挑战。还介绍了ePAD在临床诊断，环境测试和食品分析领域的最新应用。最后，我们讨论了当前的ePAD技术如何发展，以满足现场和/或POC应用所需的分析和实用规范，以及挑战和前景。