Abstract In cooperatively breeding species, extended living in natal families after maturity is often associated with limited breeding possibilities and the ability to gain indirect fitness from helping relatives, with family dynamics, such as parental presence and relatedness between family members, playing a key role in determining the timing of own reproduction. How family dynamics affect marriage and the onset of reproduction in humans is complex and less well-understood. While paternal absence can be associated with both earlier puberty and reproductive behaviour, or with delayed reproduction if marriage requires parental resources, in step-parent families, half-siblings could further decrease the benefits from helping and delaying own reproduction compared to families with only full-siblings. Such costs and benefits are likely age-dependent, but have not been addressed in previous studies. Using data from pre-industrial agrarian Finland, we investigated if parental loss and remarriage affected marriage probabilities of their differently-aged sons and daughters. We found that parental composition had divergent effects across adulthood: loss of a parent resulted in a higher probability to marry in early adulthood, whereas parental presence increased later adulthood marriage probability. Whilst the death of either parent was linked to an overall lowered marriage probability, remarriage of the widowed parent, especially mother, could mitigate this effect somewhat. Additionally, the presence of underage full-siblings lowered marriage probability, suggesting postponement of one's own reproduction in favour of helping parental reproduction. Overall, our results support the idea that humans are cooperative breeders, and show the importance of considering both relatedness and age when investigating family dynamics.

中文翻译：

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婚姻概率中的家庭动态和年龄相关模式

摘要 在合作繁殖的物种中，成熟后在出生家庭中的延长生活通常与有限的繁殖可能性和通过帮助亲属获得间接适应性的能力有关，家庭动态，例如父母的存在和家庭成员之间的亲缘关系，在决定自己繁殖的时间。家庭动态如何影响婚姻和人类生殖的开始是复杂的，而且不太了解。虽然父亲缺席可能与青春期过早和生殖行为有关，或者如果婚姻需要父母的资源，则与延迟生育有关，但在继父母家庭中，与只有完全生育的家庭相比，同父异母的兄弟姐妹可以进一步减少帮助和推迟自己生育的好处。 -兄弟姐妹。这些成本和收益可能与年龄有关，但在以前的研究中没有得到解决。我们使用前工业化农业芬兰的数据，调查了失去父母和再婚是否会影响他们不同年龄的儿子和女儿的结婚概率。我们发现父母的构成在整个成年期都有不同的影响：失去父母导致成年早期结婚的可能性更高，而父母的存在增加了成年后期结婚的可能性。虽然父母一方的死亡与整体婚姻概率的降低有关，但寡居的父母，尤其是母亲的再婚，可以在一定程度上减轻这种影响。此外，未成年全兄弟姐妹的存在降低了结婚的可能性，这表明为了帮助父母生育而推迟自己的生育。全面的，