Microorganisms often live in habitats characterized by fluid flow, from lakes and oceans to soil and the human body. Bacteria and plankton experience a broad range of flows, from the chaotic motion characteristic of turbulence to smooth flows at boundaries and in confined environments. Flow creates forces and torques that affect the movement, behavior, and spatial distribution of microorganisms and shapes the chemical landscape on which they rely for nutrient acquisition and communication. Methodological advances and closer interactions between physicists and biologists have begun to reveal the importance of flow-microorganism interactions and the adaptations of microorganisms to flow. Here we review selected examples of such interactions from bacteria, phytoplankton, larvae, and zooplankton. We hope that this article will serve as a blueprint for a more in-depth consideration of the effects of flow in the biology of microorganisms and that this discussion will stimulate further multidisciplinary effort in understanding this important component of microorganism habitats.

中文翻译：

---

不仅仅是顺其自然：流体对细菌和浮游生物的影响。

微生物通常生活在以流体流动为特征的生境中，从湖泊和海洋到土壤和人体。细菌和浮游生物的流动范围很广，从湍流的混沌运动特性到边界和密闭环境中的顺畅流动。流动会产生力和扭矩，从而影响微生物的运动，行为和空间分布，并塑造其赖以获取养分和交流的化学景观。物理学家和生物学家之间的方法学进步和更紧密的相互作用已经开始揭示流动-微生物相互作用和微生物适应流动的重要性。在这里，我们从细菌，浮游植物，幼虫和浮游动物中回顾了此类相互作用的选定示例。