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The p factor: genetic analyses support a general dimension of psychopathology in childhood and adolescence.
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry ( IF 7.6 ) Pub Date : 2019-09-20 , DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13113
Andrea G Allegrini 1 , Rosa Cheesman 1 , Kaili Rimfeld 1 , Saskia Selzam 1 , Jean-Baptiste Pingault 1, 2 , Thalia C Eley 1 , Robert Plomin 1
Affiliation  

BACKGROUND Diverse behaviour problems in childhood correlate phenotypically, suggesting a general dimension of psychopathology that has been called the p factor. The shared genetic architecture between childhood psychopathology traits also supports a genetic p. This study systematically investigates the manifestation of this common dimension across self-, parent- and teacher-rated measures in childhood and adolescence. METHODS The sample included 7,026 twin pairs from the Twins Early Development Study (TEDS). First, we employed multivariate twin models to estimate common genetic and environmental influences on p based on diverse measures of behaviour problems rated by children, parents and teachers at ages 7, 9, 12 and 16 (depressive traits, emotional problems, peer problems, autism traits, hyperactivity, antisocial behaviour, conduct problems and psychopathic tendencies). Second, to assess the stability of genetic and environmental influences on p across time, we conducted longitudinal twin modelling of the first phenotypic principal components of childhood psychopathological measures across each of the four ages. Third, we created a genetic p factor in 7,026 unrelated genotyped individuals based on eight polygenic scores for psychiatric disorders to estimate how a general polygenic predisposition to mostly adult psychiatric disorders relates to childhood p. RESULTS Behaviour problems were consistently correlated phenotypically and genetically across ages and raters. The p factor is substantially heritable (50%-60%) and manifests consistently across diverse ages and raters. However, residual variation in the common factor models indicates unique contributions as well. Genetic correlations of p components across childhood and adolescence suggest stability over time (49%-78%). A polygenic general psychopathology factor derived from studies of psychiatric disorders consistently predicted a general phenotypic p factor across development (0.3%-0.9%). CONCLUSIONS Diverse forms of psychopathology generally load on a common p factor, which is highly heritable. There are substantial genetic influences on the stability of p across childhood. Our analyses indicate genetic overlap between general risk for psychiatric disorders in adulthood and p in childhood, even as young as age 7. The p factor has far-reaching implications for genomic research and, eventually, for diagnosis and treatment of behaviour problems.

中文翻译:

p因子:遗传学分析支持儿童期和青少年期的心理病理学的一般维度。

背景技术儿童期的多种行为问题在表型上相关,这表明心理病理学的一个普遍层面被称为p因子。童年期心理病理特征之间共享的遗传结构也支持遗传p。这项研究系统地调查了在童年和青春期跨自我,父母和老师评价的措施中这一共同维度的表现。方法样本包括来自Twins早期发育研究(TEDS)的7,026对双胞胎。首先,我们采用多元双胞胎模型,根据对儿童,父母和老师在7、9、12和16岁时所评估的行为问题(抑郁特质,情绪问题,同伴问题,自闭症)的不同测量,来估计p上的常见遗传和环境影响。特质,多动,反社会行为,进行问题和精神病倾向)。其次,为了评估跨时间对p的遗传和环境影响的稳定性,我们对四个年龄段的儿童心理病理学测量的第一个表型主要成分进行了纵向双胞胎建模。第三,我们基于八种精神疾病的多基因评分,在7,026个不相关基因型个体中创建了一个遗传p因子,以评估对大多数成年精神病患者而言,一般的多基因易感性与童年p的关系。结果行为问题在年龄和评估者之间在表型和遗传上始终相关。p因子基本上是可遗传的(50%-60%),并且在不同的年龄和评估者中始终如一地表现出来。但是,公共因子模型中的残差变化也表明了独特的贡献。整个童年和青春期p组分的遗传相关性表明其随时间稳定(49%-78%)。源自精神病学研究的多基因一般精神病理学因素一致地预测了整个发育过程中的一般表型p因素(0.3%-0.9%)。结论精神病理学的多种形式通常是共同的p因子,这是高度可遗传的。在整个童年时期,对p的稳定性都有重要的遗传影响。我们的分析表明,成年后精神疾病的一般风险与儿童期的p风险之间存在遗传重叠,即使在7岁时,p因子对基因组研究以及行为问题的诊断和治疗也具有深远的影响。源自精神病学研究的多基因一般精神病理学因素一致地预测了整个发育过程中的一般表型p因素(0.3%-0.9%)。结论精神病理学的多种形式通常是共同的p因子,这是高度可遗传的。在整个童年时期,对p的稳定性都有重要的遗传影响。我们的分析表明,成年后精神疾病的一般风险与儿童期的p风险之间存在遗传重叠,即使在7岁时,p因子对基因组研究以及行为问题的诊断和治疗也具有深远的影响。源自精神病学研究的多基因一般精神病理学因素一致地预测了整个发育过程中的一般表型p因素(0.3%-0.9%)。结论精神病理学的多种形式通常是共同的p因子,这是高度可遗传的。在整个童年时期,对p的稳定性都有重要的遗传影响。我们的分析表明,成年后精神疾病的一般风险与儿童期的p风险之间存在遗传重叠,即使在7岁时,p因子对基因组研究以及行为问题的诊断和治疗也具有深远的影响。结论精神病理学的多种形式通常是共同的p因子,这是高度可遗传的。在整个童年时期,对p的稳定性都有重要的遗传影响。我们的分析表明,成年后精神疾病的一般风险与儿童期的p风险之间存在遗传重叠,即使在7岁时,p因子对基因组研究以及行为问题的诊断和治疗也具有深远的影响。结论精神病理学的多种形式通常是共同的p因子,这是高度可遗传的。在整个童年时期,对p的稳定性都有重要的遗传影响。我们的分析表明,成年后精神疾病的一般风险与儿童期的p风险之间存在遗传重叠,即使在7岁时,p因子对基因组研究以及行为问题的诊断和治疗也具有深远的影响。
更新日期:2019-09-20
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