The prevalence of undernutrition due to insufficient energy intake has been reduced by nearly 50% since 1990. This reduction is largely attributed to improved yields of staple crops, such as wheat, rice, and maize; however, these improvements did little for micronutrient deficiencies that affect an estimated two billion people worldwide. Starchy staple crops are energy dense but are often lacking in one or more B vitamins, making resource‐constrained people who consume monotonous diets comprised predominantly of these staples at risk for developing deficiency. B vitamin deficiencies occur due to a poor overall nondiversified diet and rarely occur alone. Many B vitamins are essential cofactors involved in the metabolism of other nutrients, including other B vitamins, whereby the deficiency of one B vitamin affects the metabolism and status measurements of another. Food fortification efforts have nearly eradicated diseases of extreme B vitamin deficiency, such as beriberi from thiamin deficiency and pellagra from niacin deficiency. However, subclinical deficiency, sometimes referred to as hidden hunger, is still common especially in low‐income countries. Most dietary B vitamins, due to their water‐soluble nature, are not a concern for excessive intakes, but synthetic forms used for fortification and supplements sometimes can have adverse effects when consumed in high amounts. Biofortified crops offer a long‐term sustainable method to increase the amount of dietary B vitamins for people who rely on staple crops for most of their caloric intake. Efforts have been made to improve B vitamin content of crops, especially for thiamin, vitamin B₆, and folate, but none have undergone human feeding trials; therefore, more research is needed to provide sustainable and scalable solutions in many parts of the world.

中文翻译：

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全球对B维生素状况的关注：生物强化，强化，隐藏的饥饿，相互作用和毒性

自1990年以来，由于能量摄入不足而引起的营养不足发生率降低了近50％。然而，这些改善对于微量营养素缺乏几乎没有作用，微量元素缺乏症影响了全世界约20亿人口。淀粉类主粮作物能量密集，但通常缺乏一种或多种B族维生素，使资源紧张的人食用单调饮食，主要是这些主粮，有发展为营养不足的风险。维生素B缺乏症是由于总体饮食不佳所致，很少单独发生。许多B族维生素是参与其他营养物质代谢的重要辅助因子，包括其他B族维生素，因此，一种维生素B的缺乏会影响另一种维生素的代谢和状态测量。食品强化工作几乎消除了极端B族维生素缺乏症的疾病，例如硫胺素缺乏症引起的脚气病和烟酸缺乏症引起的糙皮病。但是，亚临床缺陷，有时也称为隐性饥饿，仍然很普遍，尤其是在低收入国家。大多数膳食B维生素由于其水溶性性质，不需要过多摄入，但是用于强化和补充的合成形式有时在大量摄入时会产生不利影响。生物强化作物提供了一种长期可持续的方法，可为依赖主粮作物大部分热量摄入的人们增加膳食中B族维生素的含量。已努力提高农作物的B族维生素含量，₆和叶酸，但没有经过人类喂养试验；因此，需要进行更多的研究才能在世界许多地方提供可持续的和可扩展的解决方案。